tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83963641976202993522024-03-12T21:47:57.675-07:00china threatkevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.comBlogger182125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-87890597304557489522012-02-02T19:44:00.000-08:002012-02-02T19:46:28.683-08:00J-20 Stealth Fighter ThreatChinese J-20 Stealth Fighter Advances<br /><br />Jan 31, 2012<br /><br />By Bill Sweetman<br />Washington<br /><br />Every indication is that nobody in Western intelligence saw the Chengdu J-20 coming. While it was known that China was developing a stealthy combat aircraft, the J-20 has emerged earlier than expected and appears to be more mature than the X‑plane or demonstrator that many people anticipated.<br /><br />The debut of the J-20 had been predicted in a November 2009 interview on Chinese television by Gen. He Weirong, deputy commander of the People’s Liberation Army Air Force. The general said at the time that a “fourth-generation” fighter would be flown in 2010-11 and be operational in 2017-19.<br /><br />At least two J-20 prototypes were complete by the time the aircraft made its first flight—or at least its first public flight—on Jan. 11, 2011. The two aircraft are distinguished by the detail design of their exhaust nozzles, leading to speculation that one of the aircraft has Russian-supplied AL-31F engines, of the type fitted to the Chengdu J-10, and the other has the Chinese-developed WS-10 engine.<br /><br />The J-20 is a big aircraft. Although its overall length (around 66 ft.) is not much greater than that of the 62-ft. Lockheed Martin F-22, the main structure from nose to exhaust nozzles is considerably longer. Like the F-22, it has large weapon bays in the lower fuselage and smaller side bays, the latter probably dedicated to air-to-air missiles.<br /><br />The J-20 echoes the canard configuration of the J-10, but with canards level with, and immediately in front of, the wing. Two small, canted, all-moving vertical stabilizers are fitted. Although no U.S. manned stealth aircraft have flown with canards, a tail-first layout was featured by early Joint Strike Fighter designs, including Lockheed Martin’s—which the J-20 resembles—and McDonnell Douglas’ X-36 unmanned demonstrator.<br /><a href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/dti/2012/01/01/DT_01_01_2012_p59-402522.xml&channel=defense">http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/dti/2012/01/01/DT_01_01_2012_p59-402522.xml&channel=defense</a>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-301315266869614992012-02-01T20:26:00.000-08:002012-02-01T20:33:46.935-08:00China threat<iframe width="480" height="270" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/GBoXWRwQsFo?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-14945886858880888942012-02-01T20:20:00.000-08:002012-02-01T20:22:43.791-08:00J 20 the china threat Grow !!!!!!!!!!!!<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBoXWRwQsFo&noredirect=1">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBoXWRwQsFo&noredirect=1</a>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-56042674405019462692012-02-01T20:16:00.000-08:002012-02-01T20:17:27.664-08:00IMIt is going be a good daykevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-7409065822336437712011-01-06T08:50:00.000-08:002011-01-06T08:56:34.252-08:00Carrier L-15 Nanchang Q-6<p>China Unveils Lead-in Fighter Trainer; Carrier Variant Next?<br />Defense News<br />11/22/2010<br />By WENDELL MINNICK</p><p><a href="http://minnickarticles.blogspot.com/2010/11/china-unveils-lead-in-fighter-trainer.html">http://minnickarticles.blogspot.com/2010/11/china-unveils-lead-in-fighter-trainer.html</a></p><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-6_(aircraft)">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-6_(aircraft)</a></p>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-33953466050894787872010-10-07T21:49:00.000-07:002010-10-07T21:50:05.312-07:00PLAAF<object width="640" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/2ZgHTyX2cV0?fs=1&hl=en_US"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/2ZgHTyX2cV0?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="640" height="385"></embed></object>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-48071108385874774682010-07-25T20:48:00.000-07:002010-07-25T21:46:03.425-07:00China's pro-missile navy sinks carriersGood rend on a the china carriers.kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-38548648827903196212010-07-08T05:38:00.000-07:002010-07-08T05:48:03.313-07:00pla navycool pic of the pla navy Exercises in East China Sea<br />First Look: PLA Navy Live Fire Exercises in East China Sea<br />DefenseTech.org ^ | July 7, 2010 | posted by Greg Grant<br /><br />Posted on Thursday, July 08, 2010 4:31:00 AM by hamboy<br /><a href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-bloggers/2548792/posts">http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-bloggers/2548792/posts</a><br /><br /><a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2010-07/07/c_13387316.htm">http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2010-07/07/c_13387316.htm</a><br /><br /><table style="width: 1000px; height: 43px;" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr></tr><tr><td width="5"><br /></td> <td height="30" valign="top" width="655"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-39433374396727466872010-06-30T20:18:00.000-07:002010-06-30T20:21:16.706-07:00South China Sea AKA duh ?????????????????South China Sea: The coming war?<br />Five things you need to know about one of the world's most dangerous places.<br />TAIPEI, Taiwan — It's a 3.5 million-square kilometer stretch of ocean, speckled with some 200 coral atolls, some submerged or so tiny they hardly deserve to be called islands.<br /><br />Welcome to the South China Sea, an obscure patch of global real estate that you're likely to hear more about in coming years.<br /><br />Six Asian countries have long had competing — at times comical — claims to various islands here, sending token military forces to occupy barren rocks at great expense in the name of national pride.<br /><br />What's new is China's muscle-flexing, which, if trends continue, could make the South China Sea one of Asia's most dangerous flash-points.<br /><br />Fueling tensions in the sea are untapped oil and natural gas reserves, China's growing strategic interest in protecting sea lanes by which it gets some of its oil, and Beijing's desire to develop a "blue-water" navy capable of projecting power far beyond China's shores.<br /><br />The U.S. is paying closer attention to the South China Sea, after China reportedly threatened U.S. energy firm ExxonMobil with retaliation if it continued oil exploration off Vietnam in waters China considers its own. And last year Chinese military vessels harassed U.S. surveillance ships in the sea.<br /><br />Earlier this month, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates made what's believed to be the highest-level public U.S. remarks to date on the issue.<br /><br />"The South China Sea is an area of growing concern," he said at a security forum in Singapore. "This sea is not only vital to those directly bordering it, but to all nations with economic and security interests in Asia."<br /><br />Gates repeated the U.S.' longstanding policy that it takes no position on conflicting sovereignty claims in the South China Sea.<br /><br />But he said the U.S. believes "it is essential that stability, freedom of navigation, and free and unhindered economic development be maintained" and that "we object to any effort to intimidate U.S. corporations or those of any nation engaged in legitimate economic activity."<br /><br />Here's a primer on the issue:<br /><br />1) Why does America care?<br /><br />The U.S. objects to any attempts to intimidate American energy companies operating in the South China Sea, which stretches from China all the way south to Indonesia. It also insists on the right of free navigation in international waters, defined, in accordance with customary international law, as any waters beyond 12 nautical miles from a nation's shoreline.<br /><br />China says its sovereign territorial waters extend 200 miles from its shores, and makes a historical claim to almost all of the South China Sea, according to a backgrounder from the Heritage Foundation. China also says that any ship traversing the sea should first obtain Chinese permission. It has long complained about U.S. intelligence-gathering from spy-planes and spy-ships operating off its coastline.<br /><br />2) Who else claims territory in the South China Sea?<br /><br />Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei also claim all or some of the South China Sea. Vietnam and China both claim the Paracels islands (known as the Xisha in Chinese), which China has controlled since a 1974 battle with Vietnam that left 18 dead. The other four countries as well as China and Vietnam also claim some or all of the Spratly Islands (known as the Nansha in Chinese) further south.<br /><br />China's hold here is more tenuous; a skeleton force occupies nine speck-like islands, while Taiwan holds the largest island Itu Aba (or Taiping island, in Chinese), Vietnam holds 29 islands, the Philippines eight and Malaysia three, according to Michael Richardson, a visiting researcher at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, in a recent commentary. More than 70 Vietnamese sailors died in the latest military clash in the Spratlys, with China in 1988.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/china/100625/south-china-sea-paracel-spratly-islands-military">http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/china/100625/south-china-sea-paracel-spratly-islands-military</a>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-57395878860509415732010-05-29T08:24:00.000-07:002010-05-29T08:25:58.745-07:00Air Force official: China has world's 'largest deployed' conventional missile forceEast-Asia-Intel.com ^ | 5/26/2010 | East-Asia-Intel.com<br /><br />Posted on Friday, May 28, 2010 5:44:38 PM by sonofstrangelove<br /><br />Bruce Lemkin, deputy undersecretary of the Air Force for International Affairs, told a congressional commission last week that China's missile capabilities pose a growing threat to U.S. forces.<br /><br />“Ballistic missiles are China's primary prompt long-range offensive weapon,” Lemkin told the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.<br /><br />“They have one of the most active development programs in the world and the largest deployed conventional ballistic missile force of any nation.”<br /><br />Lemkin said China has more than 1,000 short- and intermediate-range missiles with a variety of ranges, payloads and capabilities currently based in Southeastern China. Specialized warheads on the missiles include runway penetrators, anti-radar seekers and anti-ship payloads designed to threaten large naval vessels such as aircraft carriers.<br /><br />“Taken together, ballistic missiles and cruise missiles provide China with the dual-pronged capability to strike almost any regional target to include airfields, ports, ships, military bases, logistics nodes, command-and-control facilities and industrial economic centers,” he said. “Chinese military writings also reflect a comprehensive understanding of information operations and their importance in modern conflicts.”<br /><br />To fight modern wars, China is building its space warfare, anti-satellite weapons and electronic warfare capabilities.<br /><br />“China is developing a large and diverse array of jammers and anti-satellite weapons to provide the capability to deny situational awareness to foreign military personnel, commanders and civilian leaders,” Lemkin said.<br /><br />On China’s cyber capabilities, Lemkin said its cyberwarfare efforts are a growing concern.<br /><br />“It threatens the integrity of military and civilian military information systems around the world in ways that are still not entirely understood,” he said.<br /><br />Chinese air defense capabilities also are growing with “one of the world's most robust integrated air defense systems.”<br /><a href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2523320/posts">http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2523320/posts</a>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-23771331749692749002010-05-24T19:03:00.000-07:002010-05-24T19:06:19.544-07:00Photo) German media exposure: China's new 05 tank extraordinary night performancePhoto) German media exposure: China's new 05 tank extraordinary night performance<br />World Military Network 2010-05-20 19:46:46<br /> <br /><br />German media, "Rhine Outlook Journal" reports: China will stop production of 99 tanks, because the 05 new tanks coming soon. Type 05 tanks and three generations of semi-99A2 tanks, compared with a qualitative leap. 05 tanks can no longer simply viewed as a tank, but a super-marine attack platform, in addition to tanks, artillery, air defense missiles is also equipped with a precision and non-lethal laser weapons. Comprehensive view of operational performance of this tank at night is preferred, for night operations, but part of the data is unknown.<br /><br />The article quoted sources from Beijing as saying that 05-style super-tank is the newest main battle tanks of the PLA, have excellent stealth bullet shape, its turret and body are used to strengthen composite armor, bullet-proof improved several times, is People's Liberation Army armored divisions and mechanized infantry division for the next major ground assault force, known as China's Super Marine ace, known as the world's first fourth-generation main battle tanks.<br /><br />The full heavy battle tanks, 55 tons, length 10 meters when the muzzle forward, vehicle length of 7.6 meters, 3.5 meters wide, 2.37 meters high, the maximum highway speed of 90 km / h, 0 - 32 mph time of 10 seconds clock. People's Liberation Army-style Super 05 main battle tanks, made with a diameter of 152 mm high pressure smoothbore tank gun chamber, equipped with three types of ammunition types are new tail off shell stability, new shaped charge, artillery missiles. Stable tail off shell fired when initial velocity of 1950 m / s, direct distance of 3,200 meters, on the uniform thickness of 900 mm armor piercing more than a muzzle velocity of 1,500 meters when firing HEAT / sec. The gun is equipped with reliable self-loading machine gun rate of fire up to 12 rounds / min. Use of tungsten carbide stabilizing tail off shell, it can breakdown in the 2000 meters distance of 950 mm homogeneous armor, while the use of special alloy penetrators, the same distance of 1,000 mm armor-piercing capability, the gun can launch our newly developed 152-mm artillery self-guided missile, the missile a maximum range of 7.8 km, maximum depth of 900 mm armor, ancillary weapons: 13.8 mm automatic cannon a high shot, [Beitan 800 made]; 8.65 mm machine gun hand tied, [Bei Tan 3500-fat]; shell base 50 rounds; turret on each side 7 92MM smoke launchers.<br /><br />05 advanced fire control system, with the 5th generation "Eye of Heaven" two-way stability fighter system can accurately high-speed moving target shooting, shooting 99 percent, with independent research and development of night vision, can be irradiated 0.1-8 km objectives, high-definition, 05 of the night fighting capability in the next few years, I am afraid that no one can surpass.<br /><br />Liberation Army Daily of China reported a new tank night<br /><br />The evening of September 1, the depths of the Xinjiang Tianshan Military training ground in an armored regiment was enveloped in a vast darkness. "All attention! Implementation of the program by 1." Came the head of the horse in the morning radio instruction. Immediately, the "012" was armored vehicles out of the valley, and began training for night ride synthesis.<br /><br />At the moment, reporters inside the exposure Zheliang armored vehicles. Car in the huge roar off, the headphones came the soldiers asked each other the words: "Take arms, pay close attention to the prison." Suddenly an armored vehicle of a steep dive, the body suddenly sank, so that's a hit armor , the shock in a cold sweat.<br /><br />Squad leader's sitting next to Wang Yonggang, said: "Adaptive training is a difficult ride content, and passengers can temper their physical skills and mental qualities, many soldiers carried out the initial training courses, will be dizzy and vomiting." Yuehua Jian, reporters glanced round, found the soldiers and they did.<br /><br />As night falls, the mountains backward. Recruits suspected of containing a member of the window field of vision, to open the armored cover, immediately came to stop sound: "Caution! Head the 'enemy' aircraft reconnaissance." Sure enough, soon weakened headphone signal, issuing strident voice. "Oh, by 'enemy' strong electromagnetic interference." Co-pilot, communications, hand-century military quickly launched back-frequency electromagnetic interference equipment and networks, to frequency, frequency hopping and other means to quickly communicate with the contact. Next, the pilot light control strictly the use of infrared night vision equipment selection to avoid mobile line of camouflage ... ... well the fight prepared in accordance with regulations.<br /><br />23:45, some reaching the battle area. Century military shouted: "There is the situation!" Voice hardly ever saw three red, two green signals to the sky made the squad leader Wang Yonggang a determination by the "enemy" chemical attack and interdiction fire. A soldier holding "enemy" Love told the reporter that simple signal indicator, they can encounter the "enemy", said the situation out of all the different signals, signal flares can only assume that showed more than 30 kinds of "enemy" situation, each all gains a complete digital soldiers.<br /><br />Almost the same time, increased horsepower car, roared like the roar. Wang squad leader orders: "Attention all cars! Wearing gas masks, ready to make fire!" "Da da da ... ..." antiaircraft machine gunner King Division first opened by the fire instructions. For a time, a strong network of cross-fire, and worked in the night sky across the beautiful curve.<br /><br />Tanks more trenches, climbing hills, accelerating the adoption of a fire block area. A violent jolt, journalists feel internal organs had been kept on turning up, wearing a gas mask breathtaking. Are feeling sad occasion, the radio came the "occupation of the impact of car No. 012 launch position to them." Just at that time soon. "012" car parking instant, containing members of the infantry two-pronged, soon enlivened the field and in the desert. Little effort, and the car on the pretext of the mountain, darkness and camouflage equipment of "hiding" up.<br /><br />Morning, 4 red flares into the sky, the impact of launch. 1 armored vehicles rushed in the night "enemy" positions. Follow the aircraft conversion, the vehicle commander commands antiaircraft machine gunner while contain "enemy" fire, while using night-vision vehicle, reconnaissance equipment, communication equipment, the implementation of the infantry under the command vehicle; ground commanders are also informed by the process of fighting the battlefield situation , sometimes grouping, before the turn of the cover, sometimes interspersed roundabout, at the point attack, continuous strong blow to break the round after round of defense.<br />Contribute a better translation<br /><br />http://www.wforum.com/news/china/newsViewer.php?nid=18190&id=26886kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-52354910714875236112010-05-24T18:50:00.000-07:002010-05-24T18:57:38.760-07:00generation XXJ fighter"Flight Home<br />SubscribeYou are in: Home › News Article<br />DATE:03/04/01<br />SOURCE:Flight International<br />USA rethinks view of China's next generation XXJ fighter<br /><br />The USA is revising its assessment of the Chinese advanced fighter, which is known by its US Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) designation of "XXJ". At the same time, Shenyang is developing a multirole version of the J-8II air defence fighter.<br /><br />Washington sources say the original information provided by the ONI in 1997, showing a design resembling the Boeing F-15 Eagle, has been superseded. The agency predicted the XXJ would be multirole, have stealth features and was expected to enter Chinese air force and navy service by around 2015.<br /><br />This estimate has been revised to 2010. Both Chinese fighter companies - Chengdu and Shenyang - are thought to be working on advanced combat aircraft concepts.<br /><br />Indications are that the XXJ will have a canard configuration and be equipped with twin thrust-vectoring engines. The design seems influenced by Sukhoi's advanced concepts such as the Su-37 and forward-swept wing S-37 Berkut, suggesting that Shenyang, which has a link with the Russian manufacturer dating from the early 1990s, is the developer. Combining a foreplane, a tailplane and thrust vectoring enhances manoeuvrability.<br /><br />Engines are likely to be a version of the Wopen WP15 in the 26,000lb-thrust (115kN) class. Pictures of a large engine equipped with thrust-vectoring nozzles was displayed at last year's Zuhai aerospace show.<br /><br />The fighter is expected to have a 20,000kg (44,000lb) empty weight and incorporate a fly-by-wire control system similar to that developed by Shenyang and tested in the J-8IIACT programme.<br /><br />Meanwhile, Shenyang is building a new multirole version of the twin-engined J-8II fighter, reflecting China's doctrinal shift towards offensive capabilities. Creating a new version of a dated design underlines the country's urgency in building up its strike forces.<br /><br />Taiwanese and US sources say the J-8IIC is a J-8IID development, incorporating the latter's in-flight refuelling system and true, instead of secondary, air-to-ground role.<br /><br />The aircraft is equipped either with a new Chinese-developed dual mode radar or the Russian Phazotron Zhuk-8II (acquired for the F-811M export fighter). Both have a 70km (38nm) range.<br /><br />Other likely enhancements include a new electronic warfare system and an upgraded cockpit with multifunction displays, head-up display and the new data-link.<br /><br />The fighter will be powered by a Wopen WP14 engine developing up to 16,215lb thrust, an improvement on the J-8IID's 14,550lb-thrust WP13A.kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-32919993026275621782010-05-08T18:24:00.001-07:002010-05-08T18:27:33.128-07:00H-8 /H-9H-8<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCJkOKYNRsksl3uask66Dv3TJMJzDfT-PBze_Vd8BKOokaPQUwYLogoa333Ue4pkI7KoDdeiLIKlGyM99B3cZC_Ye8gEYx0GGgSQxDY-cTvAMWITEwevH58lxU2rjHZ6TvPuW9K98Sp48/s1600/80820041040289.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 296px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCJkOKYNRsksl3uask66Dv3TJMJzDfT-PBze_Vd8BKOokaPQUwYLogoa333Ue4pkI7KoDdeiLIKlGyM99B3cZC_Ye8gEYx0GGgSQxDY-cTvAMWITEwevH58lxU2rjHZ6TvPuW9K98Sp48/s400/80820041040289.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469075598988327378" border="0" /></a><br />H-9<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGcCg5yCweIgl5sJsDB_VqB3pgshs1itC7EeZQYXv9SH0frsn4EkhfiQajHqTSuVaTB4nv9Y1SKd__sWcy0ObJGQLkRiuED_1yhcCZEvn72i4oKBWLrM1A-NE5YLQcU1uSurlJiYD_Q4I/s1600/11100433.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGcCg5yCweIgl5sJsDB_VqB3pgshs1itC7EeZQYXv9SH0frsn4EkhfiQajHqTSuVaTB4nv9Y1SKd__sWcy0ObJGQLkRiuED_1yhcCZEvn72i4oKBWLrM1A-NE5YLQcU1uSurlJiYD_Q4I/s400/11100433.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469075497769248706" border="0" /></a>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-30416097662783619892010-05-02T21:27:00.001-07:002010-05-02T21:27:47.952-07:00China's 'Project 921'- Men in Space<h2 align="center"><span style="color:#004080;">China's 'Project 921'- Men in Space</span></h2> <p align="center">Phillip Clark</p> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><em>This is the original, unedited text which was published in 'LaunchSpace', Oct/Nov 1998 Issue.</em></span></p> <hr /> <p>The Chinese space program in recent years has been punctuated by well-publicized launch failures interrupting strings of unpublicized launch successes, giving rise to the myth that the Chinese space program is one with low reliability and not in the same class as the programs run by other space powers. </p> <p>Following high-profile launch vehicle failures, the Chinese have had a string of successes since late 1996. In some U.S. political quarters, these successes owe nothing to the Chinese ability to overcome problems, but are simply due to American help in improving the launch vehicles. Such a claim is an insult to the Chinese engineers and designers. Substantial evidence exists to give substance to China's announcements it plans to begin manned space launches in the second half of 1999. </p> <p><strong>Starting in the 1970s</strong> </p> <p>The Chinese recovered their first Fanhui Shi Weixing (FSW) satellite from orbit Nov. 29, 1975, succeeding at their first recovery attempt. In this they equaled the Russians, who succeeded on their first recovery attempt, Korabl Sputnik 2. It was not until Discoverer 13 that the United States finally succeeded in recovering a satellite from orbit. </p> <p>The Chinese recovery led to speculation about a manned program, but in reality, the FSWs were akin to scaled-up Discoverer/Corona satellites with reconnaissance as the primary mission. In all, nine FSW-0 satellites were launched and recovered, five FSW-1s were launched with only the last one failing to return to Earth, and three FSW-2 satellites have been launched and recovered. </p> <p>Clearly, the Chinese have mastered one important procedure for a manned flight. But they weren't planning to fly people into space in the late 1970s. Rather, although interested in a manned space program, they were only doing the basic ground-based research that such a program would require. </p> <p><strong>China's "Project 921" manned space program</strong> </p> <p>In November 1988, the Chinese propaganda publication China Pictorial included a series of photographs that apparently showed more men undergoing medical tests while dressed in spacesuits rather than simple pressure suits. It looked as if the Chinese manned program was "on" again. </p> <p>Two years before, the Chinese had revealed plans for a whole family of new launchers derived from the successfully flown CZ-2C, which could place 2.5 tons into a low-Earth orbit, and the CZ-3, capable of lifting 1.5 tons into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. </p> <p>When reviewing these vehicles for the July/August 1987 issue of the British Space magazine, this writer identified the CZ-2/4L (today's CZ-2E) as being particularly applicable for manned launches: with an 8.8 ton LEO capability, it could place a Soyuz-class space station ferry into orbit. </p> <p>Over the last few years, details have started to appear concerning Chinese plans to put people into orbit. Known by its code name, "Project 921," the plan includes flying two astronauts aboard a spacecraft bearing many similarities to the Russian Soyuz which, in turn, was similar to some early 1960s Apollo concepts; the launcher will be a man-rated version of the CZ-2E. The Chinese have bought examples of Russian space technology (e.g., a Soyuz-TM life-support system, an androgynous docking unit and a pressure suit as used by cosmonauts), but they are not copying these - they are learning from them and then applying what they learn to their program. </p> <p>Having a mass of about 8.4 tons, the Chinese spacecraft has two major external differences compared with Soyuz - it has two pairs of solar panels for the generation of onboard power and the forward module is distinctly cylindrical compared to the spheroid on Soyuz. Additionally, it is thought that up to four people could fly inside the Chinese spacecraft. </p> <p>From the outset, the Project 921 spacecraft will be equipped with an androgynous docking system and an internal transfer tunnel, which the original Soyuz did not carry. This means that early in their program, two Project 921 spacecraft can be docked nose-to-nose and the two crews can move from one craft to another. When the Russians first did this with Soyuz 4/Soyuz 5 in January 1969, they had no transfer tunnel and two cosmonauts had to perform a spacewalk for their transfer. Two docked Chinese craft could act as a small orbital station for a few weeks, as a precursor to a larger, dedicated space station. </p> <p>One of the launchers proposed in the mid-1980s was a CZ-3/8L, which essentially has become the three-stage CZ-3B but with eight strap-on boosters instead of four. A logical derivative of this concept would have been a CZ-2/8L, without the third stage. The payload capability would be 16 to 17 tons to LEO. This is heavy enough to launch a space station similar in concept to the original Russian Salyuts of the 1970s and early 1980s. </p> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">Satellite images have shown a new launch complex has been built at the Jiuquan launch site, one capable of launching larger vehicles than those that have flown from that site to date. Now confirmed by the Chinese, this launch pad is compatible with a planned all-new family of medium/heavy-lift launch vehicles - believed to be using LOX/kerosene in their lower stages rather than the Chinese standard N2O4/UDMH - as well as the existing CZ-2E vehicle. It is this pad that will be used for launches under Project 921. </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">What can we expect in the near future? Before the end of 1998, the Chinese should have test-flown both the man-rated CZ-2F vehicle and the Project 921 spacecraft without a crew. A second successful test in the first half of 1999 would clear the way for a two-man launch before the end of that year, conveniently tying it in with the 50th anniversary of the communist takeover of China. A nose-to-nose docking of two Project 921 craft should come two years later.</span> </p> <p>If all goes according to plan, during late 1999 or early 2000 China will become the third nation to launch its own people into orbit. </p> <p><span style="font-family:helvetica, arial;font-size:85%;">Phillip Clark has been studying the former-Soviet space program since the late 1960s and the Chinese program since the first launch in 1970. He publishes the monthly Worldwide Satellite Launches.</span> </p> <p> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/story-4.htm">http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/story-4.htm</a></p><p> </p><p><strong>A FUTURE NEW LAUNCH VEHICLE FAMILY ?</strong></p> <p>It has been widely reported that the Chinese are building new launch facilities at the Jiuquan launch site and that these will be used in support of a new family of launch vehicles for a manned programme. Since the 1980s the Chinese have admitted that they are working on a Saturn-1 class launch vehicle without giving any real details about the project. On October 31, 1992 the Zhongguo Tongxun She news agency in Hong Kong reported that:-</p> <p><em>Relevant sources in China's Ministry of Aeronautics and Astronautics Industry have disclose that China's first manned space shuttle will be launched from Jiuquan, Gansu.</em></p> <p><em>According to the information, a space centre designed by Chinese engineers alone, is being built 200 km from Jiuquan City and the construction of a 200 km special railway to the centre has begun. The first phase of the project is expected to be completed towards the end of the 1990s.</em></p> <p><em>At present all the technical officials concerned have taken up their positions. The person in charge here said: "The launch and retrieval of the first space shuttle will take place in the new space centre and the bases in its vicinity. It will take about ten years to accomplish this grand project."</em></p> <p>It is now reported that the rail transportation system has been completed and that the launch pad assemblies indicate a launch vehicle far larger than the currently-existing family of Chang Zheng vehicles.</p> <p>A paper was presented at the 1992 IAF Congress entitled "A Modular Space transportation System" (IAF-92-0857), which described a possible family of future launch vehicles derived from a basic two-stage vehicle which could be clustered in different ways and which could be supplemented additional upper stages. It is unclear whether this paper represents a purely theoretical exercise or whether it is indicative of Chinese planning for future launch vehicles.</p> <p>The idea behind the paper is the development of a baseline two-stage launch vehicle with the characteristics listed in Table 1.</p> <p>The Chinese paper notes that the first stage fuel would be a "hydrocarbon (CH)" and this is taken to refer to kerosene - especially since the Chinese would later express an interest in purchasing Russian liquid oxygen/kerosene engines (to be discussed later).</p> <p>The use of liquid oxygen and kerosene on the first stage of this vehicle would mark a departure for the Chinese, since they have previously used storable UDMH and a nitrogen-derived oxidiser (usually nitrogen tetroxide). The choice of storable propellants is a result of the current launch vehicles being based upon missiles for which storable propellants is virtually essential.</p> <p>The study called for a baseline vehicle with a length of less than 60 metres and a length/diameter ratio below 13. The study took the diameters of the two stages to be a common 4.5 metres which corresponded to a maximum length of 58.5 metres: in fact, a length of 55 metres was decided upon, including a payload fairing of 12 metres.</p> <p>Data for the overall launch vehicle are:-</p> <ul><li>launch mass 377 tonnes</li><li>payload capability 11 tonnes</li><li>length 55 metres</li><li>diameter 4.5 metres</li><li>first stage thrust 4.8 MN [490 tonnes]</li></ul> <p>One table in the paper notes a launch mass of 337 tonnes, but elsewhere the mass is quoted as 377 tonnes, a figure which is confirmed from simple arithmetic. The numbers imply that the payload shroud would have a mass of three tonnes. The payload mass is quoted in the paper for a 60o, 300-500 km orbit: from calculations by this writer these figures would mean a launch from Jiuquan with a good margin of residual propellant.</p> <p>On top of the second stage an instrument unit 1.6 metres high would be carried, acting as a data-collection and processing centre for the vehicle.</p> <p>The first stage would carry four engines which can gimble for control. The second stage a single main engine and a set of four verniers.</p> <p>Taking this base design, it is proposed that a three-stage launch vehicle could be developed which could place 6 tonnes into geosynchronous transfer orbit: although not stated, one assumes that the third stage would use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen - already in use with the existing CZ-3 and CZ-3A launch vehicles.</p> <p>A series of different launch vehicles derived from the baseline launch vehicle's stages and the not-described third stage is proposed, leading to a maximum payload capability of 70 tonnes to the standard 60o, 300-500 km reference orbit. Details are given in Table 2. For the larger payloads a fairing with a diameter of 5.4 metres and a length of 18 metres would be used.</p> <p>Thinking in terms of a manned programme, one can imagine that the baseline vehicle could be used to launch the manned spacecraft, while a "Model 1" derivative could be used to launch a space station module.</p> <p>While the concepts of the 1992 paper are interesting and would represent an extension of the existing Chinese philosophy of taking the basic CZ-2C launch vehicle and modifying it to provide the full variety which we see in the CZ-2, CZ-3 and CZ-4 families, we have no idea whether the 1992 proposals will remain a paper study or will become (or even is !) a funded programme.</p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/story-3.htm">http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/story-3.htm</a><p> </p><p> </p><p> http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/proct921.htm</p><p> </p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/c/chinalv.jpg"><br /></a> <div class="Discussion_UserSignature"> </div>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-45443956715504633522010-05-02T09:23:00.001-07:002010-05-02T09:25:20.344-07:00China says its spaceplane has realized successful trial flight.Apr.29 (China Military News reporting by Johanthan Weng) — Recently, the “China Aviation News” introduces space technology expert Wang Chun’s deeds. The paper said, China has successfully flight aerospace fighter prototype.<br /><br />Born in 1970, Wang Chun studied at the Nanjing Aeronautical Institute for years since 1992, then graduated University of Defense Technology in 2006 to obtain master’s degree in aerospace engineering. After that, Wang Chun served in the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute as a member of wing structure design team. Now he has been a senior engineer and general director of Near Space Vehicle Research Laboratory, Aerospace Technology and UAV Design Department, CADI(Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute).<br /><br />The newspaper reported that Wang Chun’s over 10-year work mainly engaged in aircraft structural design, and involved the development of J-10 and FC-1 fighters. He also made great contributions for one key project of Chinese “National 863 Plan”.<br /><br />China’s “Shen long” Trans-Atmospheric Vehicle<br /><br />In a major project of “Tenth-five-year” plan, Wang Chun fully participated the space vehicle prototype’s design, overall assembly and flight test, and fully responsible for the development of a subsystem project management, presided over the completion of the emergency isolation system design, installation, ground test and ground flight test.<br /><br />During the “Eleventh Five-Year” plan, he led the work of the average age of less than 30 years of a young team, undertook a comprehensive test prototype design work, which completed in just four years He has become the main contributor for the successful trial flight of aerospace fighter prototype.<br /><br />The prototype space vehicle designed by Wang Chun, is distinguished with new concept, creative layout and new features for flexible deployment in space and air. His achievements make breakthroughs in space vehicle Integrated Design, multi-band space-borne shaping antenna working under extreme condition and useful payload structure design.kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-83851472154356785072010-05-01T20:49:00.000-07:002010-05-01T20:50:59.876-07:00Chinese to English translation<div id="autotrans" style="display: block;" class="normalbg"><span id="headingtext" class="normaltext">Chinese to English translation</span><span class="goog-zippy-collapsed" tabindex="0" id="romanspan" style="display: none;"><img id="romanimg" class="buttons square13 zippy-plus" src="http://www.google.com/images/cleardot.gif" /><span id="romantext">Show romanization</span></span></div><div id="tts_button" title="Listen to this translation" style="display: none;" class=""><object type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="http://www.gstatic.com/translate/sound_player.swf" id="tts_flash" height="18" width="18"><param value="http://www.gstatic.com/translate/sound_player.swf" name="movie"><param value="sound_name=&sound_name_cb=_TTSSoundFile" name="flashvars"><param value="transparent" name="wmode"><param value="always" name="allowScriptAccess"></object></div><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中俄在青岛共建俄制直升机维修及组装企业" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Russian-made helicopters in Qingdao, China and Russia build a maintenance and assembly companies<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="2010-04-30 作者: 来源:新华网浏览次数:4511 网友评论0 条" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">2010-04-30 Author: From: Xinhua Views: 4511 User Comments 0<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="加入收藏电邮给朋友打印本文章写信给编辑选择字号:大中小" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Add Favorite Email to a friend Print this article letter to the editor select the font size: large, medium<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中俄直升机技术(青岛)有限公司位于青岛市西海岸出口加工区,由俄罗斯直升机公司和中国宜通集团共同投资,总投资5亿元,注册资金2亿元,一期占地181亩,主要从事" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Russian Helicopter Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd. is located in Qingdao City, West Coast Export Processing Zone, the Russian helicopters should Tong Ji Tuan Gong Si and Chinese joint venture, Zong Touzi 5 million yuan, registered Zijin 200 million yuan, an area of 181 acres, mainly engaged in </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="俄制直升机维修及零备件销售" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Russian-made helicopter maintenance and spare parts sales<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="投资5亿元的中俄直升机技术(青岛)有限公司开工奠基仪式,29日在青岛市国家级经济技术开发区举行。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Invested 500 million yuan of the Russian Helicopter Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd. foundation-stone laying ceremony on the 29th in the national economic and technological development zone of Qingdao City, was held.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="投资5亿元的中俄直升机技术(青岛)有限公司开工奠基仪式,29日在青岛市国家级经济技术开发区举行。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Invested 500 million yuan of the Russian Helicopter Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd. foundation-stone laying ceremony on the 29th in the national economic and technological development zone of Qingdao City, was held.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中俄双方有关领导共同奠基" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">China and Russia shared the leadership of founder<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中俄双方有关领导共同奠基" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">China and Russia shared the leadership of founder<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="新华网青岛4月29日电(记者徐冰张旭东)投资5亿元的中俄直升机技术(青岛)有限公司开工奠基仪式,29日在青岛市国家级经济技术开发区举行。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Xinhua Qingdao on April 29 (Xinhua Xu Bing Zhang Xudong) invested 500 million yuan of Russian Helicopter Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd. foundation-stone laying ceremony on the 29th in the national economic and technological development zone of Qingdao City, was held. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="军事防务 中国军情" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Military defense of Chinese military intelligence<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中俄直升机技术(青岛)有限公司位于青岛市西海岸出口加工区,由俄罗斯直升机公司和中国宜通集团共同投资,总投资5亿元,注册资金2亿元,一期占地181亩,主要从事" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Russian Helicopter Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd. is located in the west coast of Qingdao Export Processing Zone, by the Russian helicopter company and the Chinese joint venture group should pass a total investment of 500 million yuan, registered capital of 200 million yuan, an area of 181 acres, is mainly engaged in </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="俄制直升机维修及零备件销售,俄制直升机飞行员及维修人员培训,并将组装生产部分卡莫夫系列和米里系列中小型直升机。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Russian-made helicopter maintenance and spare parts sales, the Russian-made helicopter pilots and maintenance personnel training, and assembling parts of Karimov family and Miri series of small and medium helicopters. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="军事防务 中国军情" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Military defense of Chinese military intelligence<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="据介绍,这个项目已于2010年2月11日完成注册,这是青岛西海岸出口加工区继美国海利直升机项目后第二家落户的直升机制造项目,成为俄罗斯直升机公司在印度、韩国和西班牙等" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">According to reports, the project was February 11, 2010 to complete the registration, which is the west coast of Export Processing Zone of Qingdao Haili Helicopter program after the United States to settle down after the second helicopter manufacturing project, a Russian helicopter company in India, South Korea and Spain </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="国家之后成立的第六个直升机维修及售后服务中心。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">established after the sixth state helicopter maintenance and service center. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="军事防务 中国军情" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Military defense of Chinese military intelligence<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="据了解,航空产业是青岛国家级经济技术开发区四大新兴产业之一,青岛开发区已被列为山东省轻型直升机出口基地。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">It is understood that the aviation industry is the state-level economic and technological development zone of Qingdao four emerging industries, Qingdao Development Zone in Shandong Province has been classified as a light helicopter export base. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="新落户项目辐射面广、科技含量高、附加值高,属于资本和技术密集型产业。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Most recent projects and extensive radiation, high technology, high added value, is a capital and technology intensive industries. </span><span title="军事防务 中国军情" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Military defense of Chinese military intelligence<br /><a href="http://www.cannews.com.cn/2010/0430/42808.html">http://www.cannews.com.cn/2010/0430/42808.html</a><br /><br />http://translate.google.com<br /><br /><br /></span></span>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-9231616116073926922010-04-10T12:49:00.000-07:002010-04-10T12:52:10.601-07:00PLA's first carrier 'ready by 2012'<span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 1.3em;">PLA's first carrier 'ready by 2012'</span><br /><i>Blue-water navy plans advancing, US says</i><br />Greg Torode Chief Asia correspondent<br />Apr 01, 2010 <br /> <br /><br />China could have its first aircraft carrier operational in two years, according to the most senior US military official in the Asia-Pacific region.<br />Admiral Robert Willard, commander of the US Pacific Command in Hawaii, told a recent US congressional hearing that the Soviet-era carrier Varyag, bought from a Ukrainian shipyard in 1998, would be "operational around 2012 and likely be used to develop basic carrier skills" after a 10-year refit. His statement is the most specific yet from the Pentagon on Beijing's aircraft carrier ambitions.<br /><br /><br /><br />Several military analysts and diplomatic military attaches said the Varyag had recently left dry dock at a Dalian shipyard revealing extensive work to its hull and superstructure. It had also been demagnetised in order to avoid mines. They said they believed the Varyag would almost certainly be kept close to the mainland coast to train pilots and crew until China's first domestically built carriers were completed, possibly as soon as 2015.<br /><br />It is not yet known whether Varyag's engines have been fully fitted. A full-scale concrete replica of its flight deck and superstructure is near completion next to a technical college in Wuhan, Hubei province.<br /><br />Willard told the armed services committee of the House of Representatives late last week there was a need for deeper engagement with Beijing amid international doubt that its military modernisation was "purely defensive" as stated. "Frank and candid" discussions were needed, he said, but they required "a stable and reliable US-China military-to-military relationship - a relationship that does not yet exist with the PLA".<br /><br />"Over the past few years, China has begun a new phase of military development by beginning to articulate roles and missions for the PLA that go beyond China's immediate territorial concerns, but has left unclear to the international community the purposes and objectives of the PLA's evolving doctrine and capabilities," Willard said.<br /><br />An operational Varyag is widely seen as a crucial step on the path to China fulfilling its aim of achieving full blue-water naval capability.<br /><br />Even if the Varyag is operational in two years, it remains unclear whether China will be able to obtain planes capable of flying from its take-off ramp. While pilots have been in training with Ukrainian advisers, Beijing has yet to complete a deal with Moscow to purchase carrier-capable Su-33 fighters.<br /><br />Talks have dragged on for four years, with Moscow - wary of having its military technology reverse-engineered - wanting to sell at least 50 planes and China wanting a far smaller number.<br /><br />China has already obtained an Su-33 prototype from Ukraine for research purposes.<br /><br />The PLA will also need to perfect theconfiguration of the Varyag's radars, wiring and communications - all highly complicated on a cramped carrier. It will also have to learn to use the ship in tandem with the support ships and submarines vital to its protection.<br /><br />Andrew Erickson, a China scholar at the US Naval War College, said getting the Varyag operational was merely the start. "China's refitting of Varyag to make it operational around 2012 seems to be part one of a two-part approach - outfit a foreign-purchased platform to enable basic training, while preparing a more capable [domestically made] platform for higher-level military operations," he said.<br /><br />"Some time after 2015, personnel that initially trained on the Varyag could be transferred to China's first indigenous operational carrier." Whether the home-grown design would be based on the Varyag remained to be seen. Analysts have noted that the ramps used on the Soviet-era carriers limit the type and weight of aircraft that can be deployed compared to flat-deck carriers that use steam catapults, such as American and French carriers.<br /><br />Xu Guangyu, a Beijing-based retired PLA general, said the Chinese side had yet to reveal a detailed schedule for carrier development. "I think Admiral Willard's report comes the closest to Beijing's answer because the US is the most experienced aircraft carrier expert."<br /><br />Gary Li, a PLA specialist at the London-based International Institute of Strategic Studies, said it was clear that PLA officials were well aware of the limitations of the Varyag and were still looking at other designs.<br /><br />"It does seem they've got little option at the moment but to push ahead with the Varyag for training ... it is clear they know just how long a road they have embarked on, so they've got to make a start on integrating all the necessary components," he said.<br /><br />"Although carrier technology is very old, it is still extremely complex to acquire from scratch. Even the welding techniques to withstand such stresses are closely held secrets."<br /><br />The 67,500-tonne Varyag was partially completed in a Ukrainian shipyard when the Soviet Union collapsed. Stripped of technology, the hull and superstructure were sold to Beijing for US$20 million in 1998. China later paid extra for the blueprints.<br /><br />The then-rusting hulk of the ship was towed to China via Macau, prompting early speculation that it might be used for a casino.<br /><br /><br />Additional reporting by Minnie Chankevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-70687909811861893872010-01-16T17:18:00.000-08:002010-01-16T17:21:05.734-08:00640 Project<span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中国640工程解密:鲜为人知的国家导弹防御工程(图)" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">China 640 Project decryption: the little-known national missile defense project (Figure)<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="[兵家常事]" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">[Military commander commonplace]<br /></span><span title="01-12 11:11" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">01-12 11:11<br /> <br /></span><span title="中国的导弹防御计划与反卫星战计划在时间上可以大体分为三个阶段第一阶段六十年代的“640工程”,包括全国导弹防御系统、战区导弹防御系统和反卫星作战系统。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">China's missile defense program with the anti-satellite warfare program in time can be roughly divided into three phases the first phase of the sixties the "640 Project", including the national missile defense system and theater missile defense systems and anti-satellite combat systems. </span><span title="第二阶段是八十年代的“863计划”,主要进行基础技术的可行性论证与技术储备。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The second stage is the eighties of the "863 Program", the main and basic technical feasibility demonstration and technical reserves. </span><span title="第三阶段自九十年代末至今,面对美国的核讹诈与卫星武器的军备威胁,主要进行对抗美国导弹防御计划的可行性论证与方案规划。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Since the late nineties the third phase has the face of the U.S. nuclear blackmail and the threat of satellite weapons, armaments, mainly carried out against the U.S. missile defense program and feasibility study and program planning.<br /><br /></span><span title="(一)、缘起" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(A), Origin<br /><br /></span><span title="上个世纪五十年代末,整个地球已经被冷战的气氛完全笼罩;两大阵营之间,也早已是虎视眈眈。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The late fifties of last century, the whole atmosphere of the Cold War, the Earth has been completely enveloped; between the two camps, it has long been eyeing. </span><span title="其中,导致冷战出现所谓“恐怖平衡”现象的最重要因素,不是别的,正是核威慑。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Which led to the Cold War, the so-called "balance of terror" phenomenon of the most important factor, is none other than nuclear deterrence. </span><span title="十多年前,全世界已经领略过核武器的“风采”;一座广岛,一座长崎,成为人类原子能发展史上的里程碑。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">More than 10 years ago, the world has experimented with nuclear weapons, "style"; one of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, one has become a milestone in the history of mankind atomic energy development. </span><span title="受此刺激,有能力的国家都在研制核武器;而在北约和华约对峙,并“有能力保证互相摧毁”的大背景下,这柄利剑却再也没有出鞘。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Affected by this stimulus, the ability of countries in the development of nuclear weapons; in NATO and the Warsaw Pact confrontation, and "capable of mutual assured destruction" background, but never Zhebing sword scabbard. </span><span title="到了五十年代末期,中国正处在一个内外交困的时代。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">By the late fifties, the Chinese are in a home and less abroad times. </span><span title="国内的问题先不提,只说国际上,也是问题多多:几年前的抗美援朝,已经清楚地界定了以美国为首的西方敌人;而随着不断进展的中苏争论,中国与传统的社会主义" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Internal problems first, not to mention, only saying that the international community, but also a lot of problems: a few years ago, the Korean War, has clearly defined the enemy of the United States led the West; and continued progress with the Sino-Soviet dispute, China and the socialist tradition </span><span title="阵营又面临着彻底决裂的局面。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">camp, they are facing a complete break situation.<br /><br /></span><span title="一转眼来到六十年代,“大跃进”之后的中国,正在迅速地恢复元气。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">A blink of an eye to the sixties, "Great Leap Forward" after China, are rapidly recovered. </span><span title="可是当时的国际处境,却并未好转――如果不说是更糟的话:这时候,中苏联盟已经完全破裂,中苏边境已经是重兵云集。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">However, the international situation at that time, but it did not turn for the better - if not worse words: this time, the Sino-Soviet Union has a complete breakdown of the Sino-Soviet border is already a massive gathering. </span><span title="苏军的演习和中国军队的推演,都已经证明了一个问题:苏联的机械化集团军和坦克集团军,只要几个小时,就可以取道张家口,进逼北京!" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Soviet and Chinese military exercises deduction, have proved a problem: the Soviet Union's mechanized army and tanks, army, just a few hours, you can by way of Zhangjiakou, pressed Beijing! </span><span title="为此,苏军的可能进攻路线上,中国军队都在层层设防。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">For this reason, the possibility of Soviet offensive line, the Chinese armed forces are in layers of fortification. </span><span title="但是,如果苏军不采用常规进攻,而改用新型的核袭击,又怎么办?" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">However, if the Soviet conventional attack is not, but use a new type of nuclear attack, how can I do?<br /><br /></span><span title="苏联如果选择核袭击,恐怕未必会只象美国轰炸广岛、长崎时那样,只采用轰炸机投弹的方式来进行了――世界上,已经出现了新的投送平台,那就是装备着核弹头的远程" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">If you choose the Soviet Union nuclear attack, I am afraid may not be just like the U.S. bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki when it was using only way to carry out bomb bomber - the world, has been the emergence of new delivery platform, which is equipped with long-range nuclear warheads </span><span title="弹道导弹、中程弹道导弹。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">ballistic missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="所谓“洲际弹道导弹”的远程弹道导弹,全程飞行时间,不过三十到四十分钟。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The so-called "intercontinental ballistic missiles," the long-range ballistic missiles, full flight time, but 30-40 minutes. </span><span title="从蒙古发射的中程弹道导弹,打到中国境内,整个时间甚至不到十分钟。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Medium-range ballistic missiles launched from Mongolia, hit Chinese territory, the whole time and even less than ten minutes. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="而且,多弹头分导、诱饵欺骗、弹头机动等等方式,也出现了――在这种情况下,还没有核武器的中国,能不能抵挡来自西方或北方的核袭击?" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Moreover, the multiple independently targetable, lured by deception, mobility, etc. warheads way, there have been - in this case, there are no nuclear-armed China, can withstand a nuclear attack from the West or the North?<br /><br /></span><span title="事实上,这是一个没有悬念的问题;能或者不能,都必须进行抵御――难道因为防御起来“很难”,就不去防御么?" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In fact, this is not a question of suspense; can or can not, must be carried out to resist - just because defense up "very difficult", do not go to defense Mody? </span><span title="断然没有这个道理!" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Categorically do not have this reason!<br /><br /></span><span title="(二)、揭幕" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(B), the opening<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1963年12月,听取了战略武器问题汇报之后,毛泽东主席指示:原子弹、导弹,无论如何也不会比别人搞得多。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">December 1963, heard a report on strategic weapons, after Chairman Mao Zedong instructed: atomic bombs, missiles, and in any case not more than anyone else Gaode. </span><span title="同时,我们又是防御战略方针。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">At the same time, we are also a defense strategy. </span><span title="因此,除搞进攻性武器外,还要搞些防御武器。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Therefore, in addition to engaging in offensive weapons, but also engage in more defensive weapons. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="两个月后的1964年2月6日,这个问题再次被毛泽东提出;当天,他在会见国防部五院副院长钱学森等一批科学家时,专门谈到了反导弹研究问题:“有" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Two months later, February 6, 1964, this issue has once again been proposed by Mao Zedong; that day, he met with Qian, vice president of the five branches of the Ministry of Defense and some other scientist, who specifically addressed the anti-missile research question: "There is </span><span title="矛就有盾,搞少数人有饭吃,专门研究这个问题,5年不行,10年,10年不行,15年,总要搞出来!”。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">spear there is a shield, a small number of people engaged in food to eat, specifically study this issue, 5-year No, 10, 10 not, 15 years, the total wants to come out!. " </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="当时毛主席所指的正是我国的“反弹道导弹工程”,代号640。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Chairman Mao was referring to is China's "Anti-Ballistic Missile Project", code-named 640.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="雄才大略的毛泽东提出中国的NMD(国家导弹防御),还说了由于研制核潜艇而令人熟悉的“一万年”。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Ingenious's Mao Zedong of China's NMD (National Missile Defense), said that due to development of nuclear submarines and is familiar with the "ten thousand years." </span><span title="显示出中国领导人在这件事情上的巨大决心。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Shows that China's leaders in this matter on a great determination.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="一九六四年年初的这个指示,从此被称为640指示――相应的,反导相关的研究计划工作,项目代号便是640工程。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In early 1964 this instruction has since become known as the 640 directions - the corresponding anti-ballistic missile-related research planning, the project is code-named Project 640.<br /><br /></span><span title="为了落实640指示,一个月后的3月23日,国防科委召开了弹道导弹防御科学讨论会。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In order to implement the instructions 640, a month after the March 23 National Defense Science and Technology Commission held a ballistic missile defense science. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="参加讨论会的,一共有三十多位专家和领导,分别来自四机部、国防部五院、国防部十院、中国科学院、解放军炮兵等单位。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">To participate in the seminar, a total of 30 experts and leaders from the four planes, Ministry of Defense the five branches of the Ministry of Defense 10 Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Liberation Army artillery and other units. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这个讨论会明确了反导的三个可能途径,并就此做了初步分工:国防部五院负责导弹反导弹,炮兵科学研究院负责超炮反导弹,中科院上海光机所负责激光反导弹。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This discussion will be made clear to the three possible ways of anti-missile, and have done a preliminary division of labor: the five branches of the Ministry of Defense is responsible for the anti-missile missiles, artillery Institute of Science is responsible for super-gun anti-missile, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics is responsible for the anti-missile laser. </span><span title="其中的超炮反导弹,其实就是超级大炮反导弹的略称――但是这个项目,最终还是花落别家;关于这个问题,我们后面慢慢看吧。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">One of the super-gun anti-missile, in fact, a super anti-missile artillery abbreviation - but this project ultimately Whispering another home; on this issue, we later take your time.<br /><br /></span><span title="1964年8月14日,国务院总理周恩来批准七机部二院为“反导、反卫星总体研究院”。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">August 14, 1964, Premier Zhou Enlai approved by Ministry of Machine 2 Hospitals 7 as "anti-missile, anti-satellite research institute in general." </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="二院已于1964年初开始着手组织前期准备工作,并于1970年开始进行反卫星计划论证。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">2 hospital was started in early 1964 preparatory work for the organization, and in 1970 demonstrated anti-satellite program.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="一年后的1965年5月10日,中央专委办公室发出《关于防御敌导弹的研究工作问题的通知》,要求四机部、五机部、六机部、七机部、中国科学院、炮兵" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">One year later, May 10, 1965, the Central Office of the IPCC issued a "on the enemy's missile defense research issues," which called the Ministry of the four planes, five machine department, six machine department, the Ministry of seven aircraft, Chinese Academy of Sciences, artillery </span><span title="、 XX基地(注:本文略),必须把防御敌导弹的研究,纳入本单位的年度和长远规划。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">, XX Base (Note: This article is abbreviated), we must make the enemy's missile defense research, part of the unit's annual and long-term planning. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="两个月后的7月8日,国防科委向中央专委呈交《关于反导弹防御体系的研制规划报告》,计划在1973-1975年间研制出拦截系统,并进行拦截试验。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Two months later, July 8, National Defense Science and Technology Commission to submit to the central post "on the anti-missile defense system research and development planning report" plans developed between 1973-1975 interception system, and to intercept test. </span><span title="8月27日,中央专委第13次会议批准了该报告。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">August 27, the Central Committee of the 13th special meeting approved the report.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1966 年2月23日,国防科委召开640工程汇报会。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">February 23, 1966, National Defense Science and Technology 640 project briefing meeting. </span><span title="1967年1月,中国在军方和科研系统内部召开“640工程”会议,确定了五个分系统代号、各研究单位的分工、系统的研制规划等,并决定加快反导靶场与反导核弹头" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In January 1967, China's military and scientific research within the system held a "640 Project" conference, identified the five sub-systems, code-named, the research unit of the division of labor, the system's development planning, etc., and decided to accelerate the missile range and anti-missile nuclear warheads </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="的研制。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Development. </span><span title="会上提出计划在73年到75年左右开始。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">To propose a plan at the meeting in 73 years to around 75 years. </span><span title="具体内容至今没有解密。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The specific content has not yet declassified. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="有人猜测五大工程系统为:反击一号低层高超音速拦截弹系统[“橡皮套鞋”技术概念];反击二号低层拦截弹系统[用于实战];反击三号高层拦截弹系统[双层拦截系统" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">There has been speculation the five engineering systems are: the lower back on the 1st of hypersonic interceptor missile system [ "rubber overshoes" technical concepts]; back on the 2nd low-level interceptor missile system [for combat]; back on the 3rd level interceptor missile system [two-tier interceptor system </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="概念];反卫一号系统[反卫星激光系统];战略预警系统[如探测距离2000-3000公里的7010相控雷达系统、110单脉冲跟踪雷达系统,卫星测控网,180单脉冲精确测量雷达" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">the concept of]; anti-wei on the 1st system [anti-satellite laser system]; strategic early warning system [such as the detection range of 2000-3000 km of 7010 phased array radar system, 110 single-pulse tracking radar systems, satellite tracking and control network, 180 radar, accurate measurement of single-pulse </span><span title="及“远望”船等跟踪制导系统,108乙型计算机及指控中心(C3I),地面设施等等]),提出计划在1973-1975年间研制出拦截系统,并进行拦截试验,同时会议决定加快" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">and "Yuan Wang" ship tracking and other guidance systems, computers and command center 108 B (C3I), ground facilities, etc.]), propose a plan developed in the years between 1973-1975 interception system, and to intercept tests, the meeting decided to speed up the </span><span title="反导靶场与反导核弹头的研制。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Anti-Ballistic Missile Range and the development of anti-missile nuclear warheads.<br /><br /></span><span title="(三)、先锋号超级大炮" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(C), Pioneer supergun<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="接受毛主席640指示的钱学森,时任国防部五院副院长。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">640 receiving instructions Chairman Mao Qian, when he was vice president of the five branches of the Ministry of Defense. </span><span title="而随着640工程的逐渐成型,整个国防部五院已经演变成了七机部(航空航天工业部);顺理成章地,它的二分院也就成为了七机部二院。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">With 640 projects began to take shape, the entire Defense Department has evolved into the five branches of the Ministry of seven aircraft (aerospace industry); a matter of course, it became the second branch of the Seventh Ministry of Machine 2 Hospitals. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="而本文的主角640-2工程,也就是超级大炮项目,正落在了二院的肩上;具体说,是落在了二院二一○所的肩上。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The protagonist of this article 640-2 project, which is super-cannon project is being landed on the shoulders of the two homes; specifically, fell on two homes Er Yi ○ Institute for the shoulders.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这个二一○所,就是原来的解放军总后勤部第一一○一研究所;而它之所以被国防科委指名划到二院,正是为了640-2工程。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This Eryi ○ Institution, is the original one hundred tenth ○ an Institute of the PLA General Logistics Department; and National Defense Science and Technology The reason it has been classified into two homes by name, it works in order to 640-2. </span><span title="有了任务划分,当然很好;可是,究竟该怎么用超级大炮来反导弹,却成了实实在在的技术难题。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">With the division of tasks, of course, that's fine; However, what is the how to use super-guns to counter the missile, but it became a real technical problems. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="来袭核弹头速度太快,高度又太高,这就决定了大炮射出的拦截弹头,其飞行速度必须足够的快,而射高也必须足够的高。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Incoming nuclear warheads too fast, highly are too high, which determines the cannon fired to intercept warheads, and the flight speed must be fast enough, but must also be high enough to shoot high.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="针对这个问题,二一○所进行了第一阶段的探索,最终提出了“炮射次口径拦截弹”的方案。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">To address this issue, 210 conducted the first phase of exploration, the final proposed the "sub-caliber artillery shells intercept" option. </span><span title="在接获640指示的第二年,二一○所就在85毫米口径滑膛炮上进行了试验。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Upon receipt of the second year of instruction 640, 210 on the 85-mm smoothbore gun tests were carried out. </span><span title="采取了相应措施以后,重达4公斤的弹丸,其初速已经达到了1200米/秒;而这个速度,比改装以前要高50%。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Corresponding measures taken after weighing 4 kg of the projectile, its velocity has reached 1,200 m / sec; while this rate, higher than 50% before conversion. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="但用于反导,还是不够快。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">However, for the Anti-Ballistic Missile, or not fast enough.<br /><br /></span><span title="在滑膛炮发射次口径弹试验的同时,还研究了火箭加力弹、固体冲压加力弹的试验。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In the smoothbore gun firing sub-caliber shells tests, also studied the rocket afterburner shells, solid punch afterburner bomb tests. </span><span title="后两种试验,现在材料太少,这里就无法介绍了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">After two kinds of test materials, is now too little, can not be described here. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="研究仍然在继续。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The study is still continuing. </span><span title="1966年到1968年间,在文化大革命的阴影下(七机部受到了巨大的冲击,在此略过不提),640-2工程又向前进展着:140毫米口径的滑膛炮,发射18公斤" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Between 1966 and 1968, under the shadow of the Cultural Revolution (7 Ministry of Machine has been a huge shock, not to mention in this skip) ,640-2 project to move forward with another: 140 mm smoothbore gun, firing 18 kg </span><span title="重的弹头,结果初速达到了1600米/秒,射高达到了74公里。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">weight of the warheads, the results achieved muzzle velocity 1600 m / s, shot high reached 74 km. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这是一个巨大的飞跃――不仅如此,在140炮进行的11次48发试验证明:次口径炮弹弹体结构可靠,飞行稳定。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This is a great leap forward - not only that, carried out in 140 artillery 11 48 hair test to prove: sub-caliber shells and reliable airframe structure, flight stability.<br /><br /></span><span title="中国的超级大炮梦想,也渐渐清晰了……" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Dream of China's super-cannon, but also gradually clearer ... ...<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span title="先锋号超级大炮" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Pioneer supergun<br /><br /><br /></span><span title="1967年1月,“640-2”工程方案论证会召开;就在这个会上,中国超级大炮方案得到了确定。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In January 1967, "640-2" project will hold a demonstration program; It was at this meeting, the Chinese program is to determine the super-cannon. </span><span title="按照方案,超级大炮的设计参数如下:" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Under the program, the super cannon design parameters are as follows:<br /><br /></span><span title="炮长 26米" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Gunner 26 meters<br /></span><span title="炮重 155吨" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">155 tons of heavy artillery<br /></span><span title="口径 不详" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Aperture unknown<br /></span><span title="炮弹 次口径火箭弹" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Shells sub-caliber rockets<br /></span><span title="弹重 160公斤" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Weight 160 kg bomb<br /></span><span title="初速 900米/秒" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">A muzzle velocity of 900 meters / sec<br /></span><span title="射高 不详" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">High fire unknown<br /><br /></span><span title="设计目标很明确:力争在1969年,参加拦截“东风三号”弹头的试验。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The design goal is clear: to strive in 1969 to participate in interception "East Wind III" warhead tests. </span><span title="这门在中国历史上绝无先例的超级大炮,被赋予了一个响亮的名字:先锋号。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This door is without precedent in the history of China's super-cannon, was given a resounding name: Pioneer.<br /><br /></span><span title="从图中我们可以清楚地看到,先锋号是固定在地面的超级大炮。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">From the figure we can clearly see that Pioneer is fixed on the ground of the super-cannon. </span><span title="此外,先锋号长长的身管下,是三个很有特色的支架――如此巨炮,身管的实际重量必然非常惊人;为了防止身管下垂,德国克虏伯往往是在牵拉上" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In addition, Pioneer long barrel, it is all three very unique stand - so cannon, the actual weight of the barrel takes very alarming; barrel in order to prevent sagging, the German Krupp often in the stretch on the </span><span title="做文章,而先锋号,则使用了技术上似乎更容易实现的支撑方式。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">an issue, while the Pioneer, then the use of technical support seem to be more easily achieved way.<br /><br /></span><span title="对于一门超级大炮来说,底盘固定、相对较低的初速、支撑式身管,从战术上说,并不能说是非常理想的;不过考虑到先锋号只用于要地防空,敌方弹头" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">For a super-cannon, the chassis is fixed, relatively low muzzle velocity, support-type barrel, from the tactics that can not be said to be very good; but take into account the Pioneer only be used to ground air defense, the enemy warhead </span><span title="必然是从天而降,这个方案确实也有其合理之处。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">inevitably fall from the sky, this program there is also a rational point. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="毕竟,先锋号和从前的超级大炮使命不同,单纯从火炮技术性能的指标来比较,容易失之偏颇。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">After all, the Pioneer and former super-artillery mission different from a cannon purely technical performance indicators to compare and easily biased.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="总之,如果能够完成“把弹头打到高空”的任务,它就是成功的――从这个角度讲,先锋号的设计思路并没有太大问题;至于在本土上空拦截核弹头是不是合适,具体又怎么" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In short, if we can complete the "high-altitude warhead hit" tasks, it is successful - from this perspective, Pioneer's design ideas, and there is no problem; On the home is not fit over the intercept a nuclear warhead, specifically, how </span><span title="操作,那就跟先锋号本身没有关系了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">operation, then with the Pioneer does not have relationship.<br /><br /></span><span title="为了拦截来袭核弹头,一炮一弹的方式显然不妥――万一打不着,恐怕就没有第二次击发的机会了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In order to intercept incoming warheads, a gun is clearly wrong with the way a bullet - if Dabu Zhao, I am afraid there will be no chance of a second firing. </span><span title="而为了有效拦截,就必须在20公里以上高空进行――否则,核弹头低空爆炸,就完全失去了拦截的意义――此时,单发无控火箭弹的“准头”已经大成问题,拦截概率无法" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In order to effectively intercept, it must be within 20 kilometers altitude - otherwise, low-altitude explosions of nuclear warheads, they completely lost the meaning of interception - this time, single-shot non-controlled rocket-propelled grenades "quasi-head" has been Dacheng problem, the probability of interception can not be </span><span title="保证。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">guaranteed. </span><span title="为此,必须构成密集炮群,同时射击。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">To this end, we must form a dense cannon group, while shooting. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这就意味着,为了实现有效拦截,这155吨的先锋号,必须要制作很多门才有可能达到设计目标。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This means that, in order to achieve an effective block, this 155 tons of the Pioneer, we must make a lot of doors possible to achieve design goals.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="炮弹弹丸一离开炮膛,就再没人能干涉它的行踪了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Artillery projectile left the gun barrels, they Zaimo the whereabouts of one can interfere in the. </span><span title="因此,对于需要不断修正截击弹道的超级大炮而言,配备无控火箭弹是极不合适的。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Therefore, needed to adjust intercept ballistic super-cannon, the rocket is equipped with no control is extremely inappropriate. </span><span title="而如果在炮弹上安装导引系统,整个炮弹也就变成了导弹――虽然还是炮射的。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">And if the artillery guidance system is installed, the whole artillery missiles would be used - although they are still artillery of. </span><span title="如此一来,大规模齐射的撒网式拦截变成了小规模的精确打击,其效果当然要好的多。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In this way, large-scale salvo of the blanket into a small-scale interception precision strike, its effect is much better. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="经过大量研究以后,顺理成章地,二一○所终于改换了研究方向,从炮射火箭弹,改为炮射导弹。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">After much research later, naturally, the 210 has finally changed the research direction, from the artillery rockets, missiles, artillery instead. </span><span title="与此同时,上面又提出研究能够用于实战的低空拦截系统,目的大约是为了对付常规弹头。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">At the same time, the above study also proposed can be used to combat the low-altitude interception system, the purpose of some is to deal with conventional warheads. </span><span title="而炮射导弹既有炮弹的高速度,又有导弹的高精度,无论高低拦截都能使用。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Missiles, artillery shells and the existing high-speed, high-precision missiles there, regardless of the level of block can be used.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="从此,中国超级大炮研制的第二阶段,也就从1970年正式开始了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Since then, China's super-cannon developed by the second phase, also from 1970, officially began.<br /><br /></span><span title="新的技术拦路虎随之产生;仔细数数,大概有两只。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The resulting new technical stumbling block; careful count, probably two. </span><span title="第一只,是尺寸问题。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Only the first is the size of the problem. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="七十年代初期的中国,导弹已经有了很多种,但是要“细”到能够塞进炮膛,合适的品种可就难找了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The early seventies, China, missiles, already has many forms, but to "small" to be able to into the gun barrels, may hard to find a suitable varieties.<br /><br /></span><span title="第二只,是过载问题。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The second only is the overload. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="人从楼上摔下来,过载是1个G;战斗机做战术动作,瞬间过载可以达到7到8个G;宇宙飞船起飞和回归,最大瞬间过载可以到10个G左右。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">People upstairs fall, the overload is a G; fighter to do tactical actions, and instant overload can reach 7-8 G; spaceship take-off and return the maximum transient overload can go to 10 G or so. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="而火炮“哐当”那一下,弹头要承受多大过载?" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The artillery, "bang" That's what, with the warhead to bear much overload?<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="按超级大炮的参数计算,大概要承受5000到10000个G!" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Calculated according to the parameters of super-cannon, probably have to bear 5000-10000 G! </span><span title="如此恶劣的工作环境,对弹体结构、发动机、电子设备乃至陀螺的研制,都提出了苛刻得令人生畏、近乎严酷的要求――而当时的中国,根本没有这方面的经验积累。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Such a poor working environment, airframe structures, engines, electronic equipment and even the top of the development, have raised the harsh too daunting, almost harsh demands - at a time when the Chinese, there is no accumulated experience in this area. </span><span title="一切,只能从头开始摸索。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">All, only to start from scratch to explore. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="而摸索,就得一个一个部件来。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The groping, you have a component to a. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="从陀螺开始,加速度表、伺服系统、放大器、变流机、天线、调速管、弹上遥测系统……都得进行测试。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Starting from the gyro, acceleration table, servo system, amplifier, inverter machine, antenna, speed control, missile telemetry systems on the ... ... had to be tested.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="在这里也多说一句:在当年的环境下,依然能够坚持工作的中国科研人员,真是可敬!" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Here, too, say one more thing: In the year environment, still able to adhere to the work of Chinese scientists is really admirable! </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="经过不懈努力,和从1000到5000个G的炮射试验,二一○所的科研人员最终得出结论:一些部件经过加固后,可以耐受3000到5000 个G的超高过载――而加固" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Through unremitting efforts, and from 1000-5000 G, artillery experiments 210 researchers ultimately concluded that: some parts had been strengthened, they can withstand 3000-5000 G ultra-high overload - and the reinforcement </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="的办法说穿了并不神秘,就是用本身绝缘的石蜡或者环氧树脂灌封。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">approach to put it bluntly, is not a mystery, is to use their own wax, or epoxy casting insulation.<br /><br /></span><span title="但是陀螺,还是不行。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">But the top, or not do. </span><span title="陀螺,那是整个导弹确定自己姿态的核心元件,要是陀螺不行,还怎么弄?" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Gyro, it is the whole core of the missile components to determine their attitude, if gyro not, then how could it get? </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="为了解决这个问题,二一○所和电子工业部一四一○所合作,开始预研振梁速率陀螺。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">To solve this problem, 210, and Yi Siyi ○ Ministry of Electronics Industry in collaboration with the beginning pre-research Zhenliang rate gyro. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="结果是令人振奋的,试制出的振梁速率陀螺经过多次试验,成功地挺过了3000到5000个G的多次试验,工作完全正常,现在已经定型装备到其它的导弹工程上。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The result is exciting, the trial out of Zhenliang rate gyro After several trials, successfully weathered the 3000-5000 G, several tests are completely normal, has now been finalized and equipment to other missile projects.<br /><br /></span><span title="就这一项,已经荣获国家发明奖。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In this one, has won the National Invention Award.<br /><br /></span><span title="弹变了,炮自然也要变。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Bomb changed, guns naturally need to change. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这一次,火炮设计方面的思路也大为改观:为了适应低空拦截的要求,拦截弹不需要那么高的速度了;为此,科研人员选定了无坐力炮。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This time, the idea of gun design has also changed significantly: In order to meet the requirements of low-altitude interceptor, interceptor does not require such a high pace of their work; to this end, the researchers selected non-recoilless rifle. </span><span title="无坐力炮,就是那种有点象火箭筒似的,发射时后部喷出长长火焰的火炮。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Non-recoilless rifle, that is kind of like a bit like a rocket-propelled grenades, firing back a long flame spray gun. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="因为发射药燃烧后,大量气体有个出口,不象在其它火炮里那样走投无路,只能推着弹丸玩命跑;因此,它射出的弹丸,速度也就相应降下来了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Because the propellant combustion, a large number of gas an outlet that, unlike in other years, as desperation artillery, only pushing the projectile death-defying run; Therefore, it fired a projectile, the speed was correspondingly lower down. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="50公斤的弹丸,装进200毫米口径的无坐力炮里,发射后速度为820米/秒――这个结果的取得,直接证明了低膛压、低初速的无坐力炮常规设计是可行" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">50 kg projectile, loaded into 200-mm recoilless rifle caliber free years, after the launch speed of 820 meters / second - the result of the acquisition, direct proof that a low chamber pressure, low-velocity non-recoilless rifle conventional design is feasible </span><span title="的。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The.<br /><br /></span><span title="在此基础上,中国口径最大的火炮被设计出来了――它的口径赫然竟是420毫米,丝毫不逊色于一些著名的超级大炮!" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">On this basis, China's largest caliber gun was designed out - it was actually surprised to the caliber of 420 millimeters in no way inferior to some well-known super-cannon!<br /><br /></span><span title="但是,资料里对这门堪称“中国之最”的固定式弹道炮的介绍,仅此一句。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">However, the information inside this gate which is called "China's most" of the introduction of fixed-trajectory gun, only this one.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="同时,对回收弹丸也做了相应研究:" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Meanwhile, the corresponding recovery of projectiles have also done a study:<br /><br /></span><span title="――140毫米口径炮射高过载开伞回收弹试验,成功;" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">- 140-mm artillery shells at high overload recovery parachute tests, successfully;<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="――从3000到15000个G的高过载环境里开伞回收,成功率100%;" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">- From 3000-15000 G, high overload environment, parachute recovery, the success rate of 100%;<br /><br /></span><span title="――弹丸速度达到2-3倍音速时开伞,成功。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">- Projectile speed of 2-3 times the speed of sound when the parachute and successfully.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="以上几项研究,直接推动了我国空间飞行器再入开伞回收技术的进展――换言之,如今神六的成功,其中也有超级大炮工程的功劳啊!" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Several studies above and directly contributed to China's spacecraft, the progress of re-entry parachute recovery technology - in other words, today the success of Shenzhou VI, which also has a super cannon project credit ah! </span><span title="而在科研人员不断进行研究的同时,世界的局势正在悄然变化着。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">While researchers continue to study at the same time, the world situation is quietly changing.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1972年,美国和苏联签订了限制反弹道导弹导弹条约。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Missile Treaty. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这就意味着,通过互相限制“盾牌”的数量和范围,来确保“矛”的锋利,进而保证“恐怖平衡”。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This means that, through mutual restrictions "shield" the number and scope, to ensure that the "spear" is sharp, thereby ensuring the "balance of terror." </span><span title="继而,1975年,美国又把刚刚建成的反导防区关闭了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Then, in 1975, the United States again has just completed an anti-missile defense area closed. </span><span title="如此等等,不能不影响到640工程的决策者和参与者。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">And so on, can not fail to affect the decision-makers and participants in 640 projects.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="3个月后的1978年2月,二院向七机部呈交《关于二一○所任务方向问题的报告》,提出终止反导超级大炮的预研工作。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">3 months later in February 1978, two hospital submitted to the Ministry of Machine 7 "About Eryi ○ direction of the report of the Institute's mandate," and proposed the termination of the ABM supergun pre-research work. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="又过去了两个月,在1978年4 月26日,七机部部长宋任穷向二院传达了国防科委的意见:组成一支精干队伍,继续进行反导多途径探索;所需经费" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Also passed two months, April 26, 1978, seven aircraft Song Renqiong Minister conveyed to the two House Science Committee's views on national defense: the formation of a crack team to continue to explore multi-channel Anti-Ballistic Missile; requirements </span><span title="专款专用;其它力量承担进攻性武器的研制任务。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">earmarking; other forces take offensive weapons research task.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这么三句话,已经将640-2工程的参战队伍的规模大大缩小了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">So three sentences 640-2 has the size of the project team battle is much smaller.<br /><br /></span><span title="两个月后的1978年6月29日,邓小平副主席在中央专委会议上指示:研究还是要研究,可留些人继续搞。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Two months later, June 29, 1978, Deng Xiaoping, Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee meeting on post-secondary instruction: a study or to study can be left to some people continue to engage. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这个会议明确规定了航天部二院的工作方向:把力量放到进攻性武器研制上;反导任务由型号研制,调整为途径探索和单项预研。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This meeting clearly sets out the Department of Space 2 House of direction: to put power on the development of offensive weapons; ABM model developed by the task, adjusting for individual pre-ways to explore and research. </span><span title="1980年3月19日,根据国防科委和七机部的决定,640-2工程即“超炮反导工程”,最终停止了研制试验。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">March 19, 1980, according to the Ministry of National Defense Science and Technology Commission and seven machine decision ,640-2 project that is "super-gun anti-missile project," and finally stopped development and testing.<br /><br /></span><span title="中国超级大炮的研制,到此告一段落。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Development of China's super-cannon, to this end.<br /><br /></span><span title="(四)、反击系列导弹" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(D), counter-series of missiles<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="反击一号导弹是当年七机部二院(现在叫中国航天机电集团公司二院,又叫长峰机电技术研究设计院)未完成的低层高速反导试验项目。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">One counter-attack missile was then seven Ministry of Machine 2 Hospitals (now known as the China Aerospace Electromechanical Group, two homes, called Changfeng Electromechanical Technology Research and Design Institute) did not complete high-speed low-level anti-missile pilot projects.<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span title="图解:反击一号、反击三号导弹在发射台上昂首向天,防卫着祖国的天空。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Graphic: back on the 1st, back on the 3rd missile on the launch pad were raised to heaven, the defense of the motherland sky. </span><span title="那是一个火红的年代,充满着光荣和梦想。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">It was a red era, full of glory and dreams. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="反击一号至反击三号是我国“640”工程的反弹道导弹系统的导弹反导弹部分。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Counter-attack on the 1st to the counter-attack on the 3rd of China's "640" Project of the anti-ballistic missile system, part of the anti-missile missiles.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="二院自1964年开始组织队伍,1969年8月改成反导弹、反卫星总体研究院,十几年时间内分别开展了反弹道导弹低拦试验系统击一号全系统配套设备研制。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">2 Hospital since 1964 began to organize teams, in August 1969 into an anti-missile, anti-satellite in general Institute, 10 were carried out within a few years anti-ballistic missile intercept test system with low system-wide strike on the 1st auxiliary equipment development. </span><span title="1979年8月至9月经过生产、总装、测试,成功地进行了2发模型遥测弹的飞行试验。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In August 1979 to September through production, assembly, testing, successfully carried out two bomb hair model flight test telemetry.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="与此同时,由于1969年中苏珍宝岛冲突,中国开始全民进入准战争状态。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">At the same time, due to Zhenbao Island in 1969 Sino-Soviet conflict, China began to universal access to quasi-war. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="除了挖洞之外,反弹道导弹计划变得急迫了。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In addition to digging, the anti-ballistic missile program has become urgent. </span><span title="为了尽快投入使用,中国首先进行“反击二号”反导弹系统的低层拦截试验。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In order to put into use as quickly as possible, China's first resorted to "counter-II" anti-missile system to intercept low-level test. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="71年10月到72年4月,中国先后进行了六次1:5模型弹的试验,其中五次成功。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">71 October to 72 years in April, China has carried out six missile 1:5 model experiments, five of which were successful. </span><span title="1973年因任务调整停止了研制;" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Adjustment of the mandate in 1973, stopped due to development;<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1974年5~6月,七机部和二院共同组织召开了反击三号高拦反导武器系统方案讨论会和技术协调会,并开展了配套设备研制和关键技术攻关。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1974, 5 ~ 6 months, seven aircraft and two House co-organized the Department held a counter-attack on the 3rd High-intercept missile weapon system program of seminars and technical coordination meeting, and supporting equipment to carry out the development and key technology research. </span><span title="1977年反击三号也停止了研制,其中已研制成功的S-7大型车载计算机成为“东风五号”战略导弹和其他型号的配套设备。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Back on the 3rd in 1977 stopped the development, which have been successfully developed S-7 Large-board computer become a "fifth wind" strategic missiles and other types of ancillary facilities. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="同时,还完成了实践二号乙卫星设计、反卫一号(以卫星反卫星)武器系统总体设计和部分设备研制试验,这些试验均获得了成功;我国60年代建设的0.5米高超音速常规风" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">At the same time, also completed the practice on the 2nd B in satellite design, anti-wei on the 1st (satellite ASAT) weapons systems, the overall design and some of the equipment development and testing, these tests were all successful; the construction of China's 60 years of conventional hypersonic wind 0.5 m </span><span title="洞就有为了“反击”号导弹试验的目的。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">hole there in order to "counter the" missile testing purposes. </span><span title="75年建成以后,分别为“东风”、“反击”、“巨浪”、“曙光”、“尖兵”、“东升”、“红旗”的各种项目进行风洞试验(来自95年出版的" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">After the completion of 75 years, respectively, for the "East Wind", "counter", "waves," "Dawn," "Vanguard", "Dongsheng", "Red Flag" wind tunnel tests of various projects (from 95 years of publication </span><span title="《洞天风雷》一书)。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">"cave heavens and wind and thunder" a book). </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="现在只有“东升”这个陌生代号不知道派什么用场,当时需要高超音速吹风的东西真的不多,东升位列曙光、尖兵航天器与红旗防空导弹之中,又是“东”字头的武器" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Now only the "Dongsheng" This strange code does not know what is useless to send, when things need to hypersonic hair is really small, Dongsheng ranked the dawn of the spacecraft with the red vanguard among the anti-aircraft missiles, but also the "East" prefix weapons </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title=",从战略重要性排序中看,也许是轨道轰炸器这一类的系统。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">, from the strategic importance of the sort seen in, perhaps this type of device orbital bombardment system. </span><span title="解放军军方根据反导弹工程的进展情况向中央提出了“北京防区方案设想”。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">People's Liberation Army's military under the anti-missile project progress to the central authorities put forward the "zone program was conceived to Beijing."<br /><br /></span><span title="(五)、战略预警系统" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(5), strategic early warning system<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="同反击系列的反导弹拦截弹相比,640工程的战略预警雷达系统发展比较顺利。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Series with the counter-attack the anti-missile interceptors than the 640 project's strategic early warning radar system developing rather smoothly. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="该雷达系统包括两部堪称中国之最的雷达:7010相控雷达和110单脉冲跟踪雷达。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The radar system consists of two rated as the most of the radar in China: 7010 phased array radar and 110 mono-pulse tracking radar. </span><span title="二者都是南京电子技术研究所的产品。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Both are products of Nanjing Institute of Electronic Technology. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="其中,7010雷达于70年5月开始研制,72年部分实验安装,74年投入使用,76年开始全面安装,77年全部完成。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Among them, the radar in 7010 started to develop for 70 years in May, some 72 years of experimental installation, 74 years put into use 76 years into full installation, 77 years completed. </span><span title="该雷达可以连续跟踪十批以上目标。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The radar can continuously track the 10 approved the above goals. </span><span title="110雷达于66年开始研制,77交付使用。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">110 radar in 66 years started to develop, 77 delivered.<br /><br /></span><span title="7010相控阵预警雷达是我国“640工程”的战略预警系统的组成部分之一。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">7010 phased array early warning radar is China's "640 Project" strategic early warning system one of the components. </span><span title="该雷达1970年5月批准研制。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The radar in May 1970 approved the development. </span><span title="7010雷达的发射机采用4只大功率多腔速调管,总峰值功率为10 兆瓦,平均功率为200千瓦,电扫描天线阵面为宽40米,高20米,馈电单元8976个," onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">7010 Radar Transmitter with four high-power multi-cavity klystron, with a total peak power of 10 MW, average power of 200 kW, electric scanning antenna array surface is wide and 40 meters high 20 meters, feed unit 8976, </span><span title="探测距离3000公里。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">detection range of 3,000 km. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="在方位120度和仰角2-80度空域内进行边搜索边跟踪,可连续跟踪多批目标,配备了大中小型计算机对全站实时控制,处理和计算。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">120 degrees in azimuth and elevation 2-80 degrees while airspace to search while tracking, continuous tracking batches of target computers equipped with the sizes of the full-stop real-time control, processing and computing. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="采用了脉冲压缩,反副瓣,变极化等反干扰措施,对一`些关键器件,分机采用双工冗余技术,配有全机工作状态监测系统和故障显示系统。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Using pulse compression, anti-side lobe, variable polarization and other anti-interference measures, a `some key components, ext using duplex redundancy, with the work of the whole machine condition monitoring system and fault display system. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1972 年开始小面阵天线设备的安装架设和联调。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1972, a small planar array antennas installation of equipment set up and the FBI. </span><span title="雷达设置在海拔1600多米的山坡上,经过几年的努力在国庆25周年前夕,观察到外空目标。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Radar is set at an altitude of more than 1.6 thousand meters on the slopes, after several years of effort on the eve of the 25th anniversary of National Day observed in outer space targets. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1976年进行全面阵天线的安装,调试,并投入运转。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In 1976 to conduct a comprehensive array antenna installation, commissioning, and operational.<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span title="此为建在塞北高原黄阳山山崖上的面向西北的7010雷达" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This is built on the plateau Huang Yangshan Saibei cliff on the radar for the 7010 Northwest<br /><br /><br /></span><span title="7010雷达地下指挥中心" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">7010 Radar underground command center<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span title="此为被废弃的7010雷达。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This is the abandoned 7010 radar. </span><span title="惨不忍睹" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Appalling<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="110单脉冲跟踪雷达是我国“640工程”的战略预警系统的组成部分之一,探测距离大于2000公里。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">110 single-pulse tracking radar is China's "640 Project" strategic early warning system one of the components, detection range of more than 2,000 km. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1965年至1970年,我国在1959年研制的110模拟试验雷达基础上,开展了卡塞格伦式单脉冲天线、脉冲压缩、脉冲多卜勒测速、参量放大器、先进计算机应用、大型天线结构" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">From 1965 to 1970, China developed in 1959 based on 110, radar simulation carried out Cassegrain antenna single pulse, pulse compression, pulse-Doppler velocimetry, parametric amplifier, advanced computer applications, a large antenna structure </span><span title="及转台研究,获技术突破并进入雷达工程实施阶段。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">and the turntable research, were technological breakthroughs and entered the implementation phase of the radar project. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1977年,我国第一部110超远程跟踪雷达装备部队,可在2000多公里以外跟踪非合作的外空目标,在我国发射洲际火箭、卫星等工程中多次执行了跟踪测量国外外空目标的" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In 1977, China's first 110 ultra long-range tracking radar equipment units can be tracked more than 2,000 miles away in outer space non-cooperative targets, in our launch intercontinental rockets, satellites and other projects carried out several times in tracking foreign targets in outer space</span><span title="任务。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">任务.<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span title="110单脉冲远程跟踪雷达" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">110 single-pulse long-range tracking radar<br /><br /></span><span title="110雷达、7010雷达的研制成功,使我国成为世界上第三个拥有超远程跟踪大型雷达的国家。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">110 Radar, 7010 The successful development of radar, so that China has become the world's first large-scale three ultra-long-range tracking radar country.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="640工程包括战略预警系统建设,其中,观测站南至海南岛,西至新疆喀什,东至山东胶东。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">640 works will include the building of strategic early warning system, in which stations south to Hainan Island, west to Kashgar in Xinjiang, Shandong, east Jiaodong. </span><span title="指挥中心是位于渭南的“28号”基地。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Command center is located in Weinan's "28" area. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="28基地既是整个地面观测系统的指挥中枢,也是配备最完整的观测站,原为导弹试验基地,其设施包括前置遥测站、回收站、活动观测站。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">28 ground-based observing system as a whole is the command center is equipped with the most comprehensive observation station, the original base for the missile tests, its facilities include a pre-telemetry stations, Recycle Bin, activity stations.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="一期工程建成的6个观测站有喀什天山站、南宁桂江站、昆明滇池站、海南南岛站、胶东渤海站、湖南湘西站,后又增设代号“秦岭”的控制计算站、代号“" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">A project is completed, the six stations with Kashi Tianshan Station, Nanning Guijiang Station, Kunming Dianchi Lake Station, Hainan, South Island stations, Jiaodong Bohai Sea Station, Western Hunan station, then an additional code-named "Qinling" control computing station, code-named " </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="长江”的回收测量站、代号“前哨”的第一活动站、代号“黄河”的第二活动站和代号“长城”的长春站。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Yangtze River "recycling stations, code-named" outposts ", the first activity stations, code-named" Yellow River "activity station and the second code-named" Great Wall "of Changchun station. </span><span title="导弹跟踪和发射需要若干个观测站协同测控,这就需要极其精密的时统系统来统一时间基准。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Missile tracking and launch a number of stations needed coordination and control, which requires an extremely precise time-integration system to a unified time reference. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="当时为把这种代号“930”的时统设备安全运回基地,成都军区派了一个连的解放军沿途压运,持有国防部特殊通行证,任何人滋事滞阻,格杀勿论。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Was then put this code-named "930" unified safety equipment when shipped back to base, the Chengdu Military Region of the People's Liberation Army sent an even pressure along the transport, the Ministry of Defense held a special permit, any person who cause trouble entrapment, shoot to kill.<br /><br /></span><span title="当时,这些预警雷达部队都处于高度机密的状态。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">At that time, these early-warning radar units are in a highly confidential state. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="当地的老百姓知道这里有一支解放军驻军,却从来不和地方上的人来往,也不像其它解放军部队那样喜欢搞“军民共建”之类的活动,甚至连这支部队是哪个军种的也闹" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Local people know there are a People's Liberation Army troops, but never on the people and local contacts, but also did not like the other People's Liberation Army forces to engage in "military-civilian joint construction" of the types of activities, and even force Which military services have trouble </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="不清楚,只看见基地内的那座巨大无比的球形雷达天线罩,于是当地人就把这支神秘的部队称为“大球部队”。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">is not clear, only to see the bare base's enormous spherical radome, so the locals put this mysterious force known as the "big ball unit."<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1977 年以后这两部巨型雷达多次完成我国导弹、卫星观测任务;在反击一号反弹道导弹试验中,弹体离架仅10秒钟就被它紧紧抓住,并稳定跟踪,迅速预报" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">After 1977, the completion of these two giant radar on many occasions China's missiles, and satellite observation mission; in counter-attack on the 1st anti-ballistic missile test, the missile body is only 10 seconds away from the frame was firmly grasp it, and stable tracking, rapid prediction </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="落点,为火箭、反导试验作出了重要贡献;1979年准确预报了美国“天空实验室”陨落;1980年5月,它在两发东风五型洲际导弹全程试验中,分别获得了X16秒" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">impact point for the rocket, made an important contribution to anti-missile tests; an accurate forecast of the United States in 1979, "Sky Lab" Fall; in May 1980, it issued two Dongfeng-5-type ICBM full trial, respectively of the X16 seconds </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="和X96秒的跟踪测量数据,最远跟踪距离达3000公里;1981 年7月18日,7010雷达站接到当时国防科工委主任张敏参谋长的电话,要求对19日苏联向太平洋发射的" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">and X96-second tracking data, the furthest distance of 3,000 kilometers of track; July 18, 1981, 7010 radar receive and Industry for National Defense, director of the then Chief of Staff Zhang Min a telephone, calls for 19, the Soviet Union launched the Pacific </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="运载火箭进行跟踪。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">launch vehicle tracking. </span><span title="7010连续开机11天,于19日和28日两次观测到两枚运载火箭,及时预报了发射点和落点经纬度、预警时间和射程。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">7010 consecutive start for 11 days, on 19 and 28, the two observed two launch vehicles, the timely launch point and impact point prediction of the latitude and longitude, warning time and range. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="从测量数据分析,这两枚导弹是苏联未公布的多弹头试验项目,采用低弹道形式发射,目的显然是为了测试分导弹头的导引精度。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">From the measurement data analysis, two missiles with multiple warheads, the Soviet Union unpublished pilot project, the form of a low-trajectory launch, apparently in order to test the accuracy of sub-missile guidance heads. </span><span title="从事后其它管道获得的信息证明,7010的观测是正确的。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">After engaging in other channels available information shows that 7010 observations are correct.<br /><br /></span><span title="1983年1月12 日接获上级指示,要求观测并拦截正危险地向地球坠落的苏联1402号核动力卫星。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">January 12, 1983 received a higher-level instructions to observe and intercept are dangerous to the Earth's 1402 fall of the Soviet Union nuclear-powered satellite. </span><span title="然而,由于苏方不公布卫星的轨道参数,110雷达转动巨大天线,连续工作4个半小时,仍如大海捞针,一无所获。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">However, due to non-disclosure of the Soviet side the satellite orbital parameters, 110, huge rotating radar antenna, continuous work four and a half hours, remained in the needle in the haystack, nothing. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="直到第3天,昆明站才跟踪上了目标,并向沾益站进行了及时通报。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Until the first 3 days, Kunming station to track the target only to the timely notification Zhanyi station. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="根据通报中的轨道参数,18 日和19日沾益两次开机连续捕捉到了目标,并判明是三个目标,列为1402A,1402B,1402C。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Under the notification of the orbital parameters, 18 and 19, the two start a continuous capture Zhanyi the target, and can identify the three objectives, as the 1402A, 1402B, 1402C.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1983年1月22日,张敏参谋长致电该站询问该枚苏联侦察卫星的陨落时间和地点。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">January 22, 1983, Zhang Min, chief of staff to call the station and asked about the pieces of The Fall of the Soviet spy satellite time and place. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中央当时已电令全国X个拦截阵地,万一这枚卫星落入我人口稠密地区,务必在其陨落前将其拦截、击毁,保护人民群众的生命财产安全。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Central government was already in power positions to make the country X interceptors, in case the satellite fell into my densely populated areas, be sure, in its fallen before their interception, destroyed, protecting people's lives and property. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="当天正午,沾益站通过BX-10微机的解算,得出了1402A的陨落时间为1月24日4 时至8时之间,并将这一预测上报了科工委。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Day noon, Zhanyi station BX-10 computer through the solution of calculation, arrived at 1402A Fall of time at 4:00 on January 24 to between 8 am and will be reported in this projection of Science, Technology. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1月24日5时,沾益站又报出该星体再入大气层的准确时间为24日6时30分,地点为东经67.9度,北纬1.1度,不会落入中国境内!" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">At 5:00 on January 24, Zhanyi station also reported that out of the stars, the exact time of re-entry at 6:30 on the 24th place for the longitude 67.9 degrees north latitude and 1.1 degrees, do not fall into the territory of China! </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="这下军委领导才放了心。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">It was placed under the leadership of the Central Military Commission and the heart. </span><span title="1402号卫星实际陨落的时间比沾益站的预报提前了仅9分钟,位移误差为3400公里。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The actual fall of 1402 satellite stations longer than the forecast Zhanyi just nine minutes earlier, the displacement error of 3.4 thousand kilometers.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="美国北美防空司令部的预报时间较准,比实际时间仅差1分,但位移误差上万公里,比中国的预报范围大了3倍!" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">U.S. North American Aerospace Defense Command, the forecasting time than accurate, than the actual time was within 1 minute, but the displacement error of tens of thousands of kilometers, the scope of China's big three times the forecast! </span><span title="这说明中国雷达预警能力在当时就达到了世界先进水平。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">This shows that the radar early-warning capacity in China at that time reached the world advanced level. </span><span title="由该监测网负责的我国返回式卫星,也取得了15次发射14次成功回收的佳绩。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">By the monitoring network in charge of our satellites, has also made 15 successful launches 14 recycling success.<br /><br /></span><span title="(六)、综合性航天远洋测量船" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(6), a comprehensive ocean-going tracking ship space<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="4:“远望一号”、“远望二号”船是我国第一代综合性航天远洋测量船,主要承担航天飞行器的测量、控制、通信和打捞回收任务,是我国航天测控网的重要组成" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">4: "Yuan Wang Number One", "Yuan Wang II" ship is the first generation of a comprehensive ocean-going tracking ship space, is mainly responsible spacecraft measurement, control, communications, and salvage recovery task is to China's space tracking and control network of the important components </span><span title="部分。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">section. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="两艘姊妹船1965年经国防科委批准,1967开始由上海708研究所论证设计,1976年9月在江南造船厂开工建造,1977年8、10月建成下水,以毛主席手书的叶剑英诗词《" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Two sister ships in 1965 by the National Defense Science and Technology Commission approval, 1967 by the Shanghai 708 Research Institute began to demonstrate the design, in September 1976 started the construction of the Jiangnan Shipyard, 1977, 8,10 On the completion of the water, to Chairman Mao's hand-written poems of Ye Jianying, " </span><span title="远望》命名――“远望1”号、“远望2”号。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Yuanwang "named -" Yuan Wang 1 "," Yuan Wang 2 ". </span><span title="船总长191米,船宽22.6米,船高38米,平均吃水7.5米,满载排水量21157吨。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Boat length 191 meters, 22.6 meters wide ship, the ship 38 meters high, with an average depth of 7.5 meters, full load displacement of 21,157 tons. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="“远望一号”船在近30年蹈海测天、追星揽箭的历程中,41次远涉重洋,海上作业近1500天,累计航程27万多海里,先后38次圆满地完成了卫星、" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">"Yuan Wang I" ship in the last 30 years, Daohai test days, the course of ever playing football arrows, 41 times across the oceans and marine operations and nearly 1,500 days, total range of more than 270,000 sea miles, has 38 successfully completed the satellite, </span><span title="飞船等国家级重大科研试验任务。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">the spacecraft and other major state-level scientific research and experiments. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="“远望二号” 船先后28次远涉重洋,安全航行近40万海里(相当于绕地球20圈),20次停靠国外港口,圆满完成了31次重大科研试验任务,创下了我国航天远洋" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">"Yuan Wang II" has 28 ships cross the ocean, safe navigation nearly 400,000 sea miles (equivalent to 20 laps around the earth), 20 docked in foreign ports, the successful completion of 31 major scientific research and experiments, setting China's space ocean </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="测控史上“六个之最”、“四个首次”(执行任务型号最全、出海频率最高、海上连续测控时间最长、任务转换时间最短、停靠外港次数最多、总航程最远,首" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">monitoring and control in the history of "six of the most", "four for the first time" (the most complete implementation of the task model, the highest frequency sea, maritime longest continuous monitoring and control, task switching time, the shortest stop outer most times, the total range as far as the first </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="次承担国外卫星发射的海上测量任务、首次对卫星进行海上控制、首次成功使用姿章联控技术对卫星进行大调姿、首次停靠外港)等纪录。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">times bear the sea of foreign satellite launches measurement tasks, the first time the satellite sea control, the first successful use of joint-control technology Attitude s major attitude adjustment on the satellite, the first stop outer), etc. records.<br /><br /><br /></span><span title="远望一号" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Yuanwang No.<br /><br /><br /></span><span title="远望二号" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Yuanwang II<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="“远望四号”船是1998年8月由原“向阳红10号”改建而成的航天远洋测量船,主要担负卫星和飞船海上跟踪、遥测、通信和控制任务。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">"Yuan Wang IV" ship was in August 1998 by the original "Xiang Yang Hong No. 10," space converted ocean-going tracking ship, the main responsible for maritime satellite and spacecraft tracking, telemetry, communications, and control tasks. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="而“向阳红10 号”船是我国为远程运载火箭全程飞行试验(代号718工程)首次研制的大型综合性海洋科学考察兼远洋通信船,由中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院和江南造船厂" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The "Xiangyanghong 10" boat for the long-range rockets of our full flight test (code 718 works) developed the first large-scale comprehensive study of marine science and ocean-going communications ship and marine engineering from the China Ship Design and Research Institute and Jiangnan Shipyard </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="于1971年2月开始研究设计,1975年7月开工建造,1979年10月交付使用,先后完成我国首次向太平洋海域发射运载火箭试验,首次南极科考及南极长城站的建站任务," onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">in February 1971 began to study the design, construction started in July 1975, delivered in October 1979, has completed China's first launch vehicle test to the Pacific Ocean, the first Antarctic expedition and Antarctic Great Wall Station Jianzhan task, </span><span title="首次南太洋科学考察等任务,取得丰硕的成果。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">for the first time the South Pacific Ocean tasks such as scientific exploration and achieved fruitful results. </span><span title="该船有10层甲板,用了近7000吨钢材,安装了近9000台仪器设备,铺设管路近29公里,敷设电缆约190多公里,其施工量相当于3艘万吨级货船。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The vessel has 10 decks, with nearly 7,000 tons of steel, nearly 9,000 units installed equipment, the laying of pipelines near 29 km, laying cable about 190 kilometers, and its construction is equivalent to 3 million-ton capacity vessels.<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中国自行设计制造的第一艘万吨级大型远洋科学综合考察船" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">China's first self-designed and manufactured a 10000-ton large-scale ocean science integrated research ship<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="在船上除设有一般海洋综合调查船所有的各种仪器设备和实验工作室外,还设有:大型舰载直升机系统,可满足一架“超黄蜂”型直升机长期在海上使用的要求;气象中心" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">On board in addition to a general comprehensive marine survey ship all of the various instruments and experimental work outdoors, it also boasts: large-scale ship-borne helicopters, the system can meet a "Super Hornet" helicopter for use at sea a long-term requirements; Meteorological Center </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="系统,可承担中短期天气预报和危险天气警报;全天候远洋通信系统,可保障多网络大容量全天侯数据通信和中继专信;大功率海洋水声系统,可长时间连续进行海洋水声" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">system which can bear the consequences of short-term weather forecasts and hazardous weather warnings; all-weather ocean communications systems, can protect the multi-network large-capacity data communication and relay the day Hou special letter;-power Ocean Marine acoustic systems, could be a long continuous sound of ocean water </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="测试和声纳设备试验;深潜工作艇系统。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">test and sonar equipment testing; dive boat working the system. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="该船荣获国防科委1979年度重大科技成果总体设计一等奖,1985年荣获我国首届国家级科学技术进步奖的特等奖。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The vessel was awarded the Year 1979 National Defense Science and Technology Commission of major scientific and technological achievements overall design of the first prize in 1985, won the National Scientific and Technological Progress of China's first Grand Prize Award.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="(七)、640工程主要事件年表" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(G), 640 Chronology of major events engineering<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1963年12月:毛泽东倡议展开防御战略。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">December 1963: Mao Zedong launched the initiative of defense strategy.<br /></span><span title="1964年2月6日:明确提出防御战略设想。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">February 6, 1964: a clear vision put forward defense strategy.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1964年:二院组织研制队伍。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1964: two hospital organizations, the development team.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1964-1966年:国防科委等设想在1973~1975年研制出试验系统。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1964-1966: National Defense Science and Technology, etc. is envisaged that from 1973 to 1975, developed a test system.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1967年10月:“640”工程会议召开,提出“5个系统的工程代号,及加速反导弹试验靶场的建设和开展反导弹用核弹头研制工作的建议。”" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">October 1967: "640" project meeting, that "five system of the code, and to speed up the construction of anti-missile test range and carrying out anti-ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead development work and recommendations."<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1969年8月14日:周恩来批示七机部二院承担反导弹研制。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">August 14, 1969: Zhou Enlai instructed the Ministry of two homes bear the seven anti-aircraft missile development.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1969年8月:二院成为反导弹、反卫星总体研究院,展开反击一号全系统研制。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">August 1969: Second homes as an anti-missile, anti-satellite research institute in general, to fight back on the 1st full-system development.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1970年:二院低空拦截武器系统反击二号的方案论证和研制工作。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1970: two homes on the 2nd low-altitude interceptor weapon system programs to counter demonstration and development work.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1971年10月-1972年4月:反击二号进行6次1∶5模型弹弹射试验,5次成功。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">October 1971 -1,972 years in April: counter-attack on the 2nd to 6 times 1:5 model of elastic ejection tests, five were successful.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1973年:反击二号停止研制。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1973: back on the 2nd stop research.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1974年5-6月:七机部和二院召开反击三号高拦反导武器系统方案讨论会和技术协调会,并开展了配套设备研制和关键技术攻关。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1974, May-June: 7 machine department and two congressional committees are holding back on the 3rd High-intercept missile weapon system program of seminars and technical coordination meeting, and supporting equipment to carry out the development and key technology research.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1977年:反击三号停止研制。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1977: back on the 3rd stop research.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1977年:完成实践二号乙卫星设计、反卫一号武器系统总体设计和部分设备研制试验,均获得了成功。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1977: Completion of practice on the 2nd B in satellite design, anti-wei on the 1st and part of the overall design weapons systems, equipment, research and experiment, and both were successful.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1977年:提出了建设北京防区的方案设想和开展天津大会战等等。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1977: A zone of the program envisages the construction of Beijing and Tianjin, the General Assembly to carry out war and so on.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1979年8月-9月:反击一号成功进行2发模型遥测弹的飞行试验。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">August 1979 -9 months: two made a successful counter-attack on the 1st model of missile flight test telemetry.<br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1980年3月9日:反卫一号停止。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">March 9, 1980: Anti-Wei on the 1st stop. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="“640”工程暂时停止。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">"640" project temporarily suspended.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="(八)、不是结局的结局" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(Viii), not the outcome of the outcome of<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1980年3月,“反卫一号”停止研制,不久,时任国务院副总理的邓小平下令中止了整个640计划。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In March 1980, "Anti-Health One," to stop the development, shortly after then-Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping ordered the suspension of the entire 640 program. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="在1999年昙花一现的局部解密640计划以后,中国继续保持了沉默。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">In 1999, a short-lived local decryption 640 plan, China will continue to maintain silence.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="近30年后的2010年1月11日,中国在境内进行了一次陆基中段反导拦截技术试验,试验达到了预期目的。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Nearly 30 years later, January 11, 2010, China carried out in the middle of a land-based anti-missile interception technology test, test to achieve the desired purpose. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中国外交部表示,这一试验是防御性的,不针对任何国家。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">The Chinese Foreign Ministry said the test was defensive in nature, not directed against any country.<br /><br />http://www.aladding.com/newsDetail.cfm?postid=486147<br />BS<br /></span></span><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="1980年3月9日:反卫一号停止。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">"March 9, 1980: Anti-Wei on the 1st stop. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="“640”工程暂时停止。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">"640" project temporarily suspended. "</span></span><br /><span id="result_box" class="long_text"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" title="中国外交部表示,这一试验是防御性的,不针对任何国家。" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"><br /></span></span>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-44407972843753170192010-01-16T09:57:00.000-08:002010-01-16T10:07:11.791-08:00China’s Anti-Ballistic Missile Threat<object height="265" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/FHE10sDG9HQ&hl=en_US&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/FHE10sDG9HQ&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="265" width="320"></embed></object><br /><br />China’s Anti-Ballistic Missile Test: Much Ado About Nothing<br />Air Power Australia - Australia's Independent Defence Think Tank<br /><br />Air Power Australia NOTAM<br /> 14th January, 2010<br />Dr Martin Andrew, RAAF (Retd)<br /><br /><a href="http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-140110-1.html">http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-140110-1.html</a>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-22140511961703301422010-01-03T18:08:00.000-08:002010-01-03T18:13:58.468-08:00PLAAF have a 5 generations<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgidwhWzD768gX_IhseNUGpLCJaySQIS-BsB9h_KxUxwdPagahLvYLx5MZtr0RxdnWdQOa1ak3zIjNBHsn8CNS2MBixzFm0Zp1boyB6sOAAsnDIjXDdoKSsSOSC5fuxAegybBaheM-9plU/s1600-h/J-14-090930124451eef360a9b57330.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgidwhWzD768gX_IhseNUGpLCJaySQIS-BsB9h_KxUxwdPagahLvYLx5MZtr0RxdnWdQOa1ak3zIjNBHsn8CNS2MBixzFm0Zp1boyB6sOAAsnDIjXDdoKSsSOSC5fuxAegybBaheM-9plU/s400/J-14-090930124451eef360a9b57330.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5422701428501916162" border="0" /></a><br /><br />"I would contend that in the past decade or so, China has exceeded most of our intelligence estimates of their military capability and capacity every year. They've grown at an unprecedented rate in those capabilities."<br />--Admiral Robert F. Willard, Commander, U.S. Pacific Command, October 21, 2009<br />http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp<br /><br />1- J-10B<br />Yu Xiao-Quan<br />2009-11-23 15:48:26 Source: Xinhua News Agency<br />【Font Size: Big Middle Small】 【Print】 【I】 I would like to correction<br />【Email Recommendation:】<br /><br /><br /><br />Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, November 23 (Reporter Sun Maoqing) - Relevant responsible persons of the Air Force 23, said the recent media reports of "four generations of machine" refers to the improved F -10 series aircraft.<br /><br />For the combat aircraft of the designated representatives of state, the world's major military powers are not consistent. The United States will be highlighted in the low-altitude, sub-transonic maneuverability of the F-15, F-16 fighters are divided into three generations of machines, will feature stealth, supersonic cruise and ultra-mobile performance F-22, F-35 fighter plane is divided into four generations of machines . Russia will be Mig -29, Su -27/30 divided into three generations of fighter aircraft, the Su -35 aircraft, such as an improved third-generation machine is divided into four generations of machines, will have a stealth, supersonic cruise, and a new generation of ultra-mobility fighter plane is divided into five generations.<br /><br />The official said that China's combat aircraft primarily in the introduction, imitation on the basis of Russian-made equipment, the independent innovation and development, the media calls "four generations of machine" refers to an improved F -10 series aircraft. (End)<br /><br />J-15/J-13,had its first flight.<br />http://china-pla.blogspot.com/2010/01/review-of-chinese-aviation-industry-in.html<br />Chinese designers have reportedly already developed some components, such as landing gear configurations that allow for the higher sink rates required for a carrier-capable aircraft. The J-13 is projected to fly sometime around 2013.<br />http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/03/full-steam-ahead-for-chinas-engine.htmlkevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-32346329233163469372009-12-31T23:49:00.000-08:002009-12-31T23:50:30.490-08:00China pledges to advance relations with DjiboutiChina pledges to advance relations with Djibouti<br /><br />(Source: Xinhua) 2009-12-30<br /><br />Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping (R) meets with Djibouti Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Mahamoud Ali Youssouf in Beijing, Dec. 29, 2009. (Xinhua/Liu Weibing)<br /><br /> BEIJING, Dec. 29 (Xinhua) -- China on Tuesday pledged to work with Djibouti to push forward friendly cooperation in various sectors and advance bilateral relations into a new level.<br /><br /> "We value the ties with Djibouti," Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping said when meeting with Mahamoud Ali Youssouf, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the African nation.<br /><br /> Hailing the smooth growth of bilateral relations, Xi said it set a good example for the friendly cooperation between large and small countries.<br /><br /> This year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of China-Djibouti diplomatic ties. Xi hoped the two nations would grasp this opportunity to further promote bilateral relations.<br /><br /> China applauded Djibouti's support in issues concerning the country's core interests, Xi said.<br /><br /> Youssouf expressed appreciation for China's long-term assistance to his country without attaching any political conditions.<br /><br /> Youssouf also spoke highly of China's African policy, saying that Djibouti and many African countries adopted a "Look East" policy, which aimed to boost their cultural, economic and trade relations with China and other nations.<br /><br /> Djibouti would continue adhering to the one-China policy and increasing cooperation with China in climate change and other international affairs, he noted.<br /><br /> The minister also hoped to work with China to promote Djibouti-China and Africa-China relations.<br /><br /> Youssouf was here on an official visit from Dec. 28 to 30 at the invitation of Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi.<br /><br /> The two foreign ministers held talks early Tuesday, agreeing to enhance friendly exchanges and cooperation between the two nations.kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-40844095207438246572009-12-14T19:59:00.001-08:002009-12-14T19:59:19.548-08:00Chinese 5th generation stealth fighter designed toThis is the Google translation of DF-31A's Reply #701, above:<br /><br />Russians do not help the Chinese 5th generation stealth fighter designed to<br /><br /> Updated: 2009/12/07 18:36<br /><br />(Central News Agency Xinhua Wang Manna Hong Kong 7) Han Dynasty and the founder Andrei Chang Defense Review, said today that the just concluded military-technical cooperation of Russia Committee meeting, the Russian exports to China that it does not 5th generation (West, 4th generation) fighters advanced technologies, or to help China design the 5th generation stealth fighter.<br /><br /><br />Andrei Chang quoted the Russian military technology to participate in the meeting, Russian officials said that in the Russia-China military cooperation meeting, the Russian position will continue to provide China with RD93 engine for China and Pakistan co-production of JF17 fighters, Russia this year and China's exports next year will be 57 units RD93 engines, but the latest generation of Russian-made S400 surface-form is not being exported to China.<br /><br /><br />However, the Russian side that Russia, China, the installation of the F-10 fighter engine AL31FN without Russian permission, may not be exported to any country.<br /><br /><br />The official added that the meeting did not sign any new military technology contracts, nor to discuss China's large Russian-made replica weapons. Russian side believes that China will not recognize imitation Russian weapons, even if the discussion is useless, the Chinese people still continue to imitation.<br /><br /><br />The official said Russia would soon flight test their own 5th generation fighter aircraft, but is based on Russia's 5th generation fighter technology, Russia, India, 50% of the shares will be the way to help the Indian Air Force, joint development of 5th generation stealth fighter, the biggest The difference is that India's first 5th generation fighter is two-seater, while Russia's 5th generation fighter aircraft are mainly single-seater.<br /><br /><br />He added that at present able to share the Russian 5th generation fighter technology, the country is only in India, Russia is not ready for export to China advanced 5th generation fighter technology, including radar, engines, avionics systems, Russia also will not help China 5th generation stealth fighter aircraft design.<br /><br /><br />Andrei Chang said that Russia and India jointly designed the 5th generation stealth fighter flight in 2012 is scheduled for 2015, to join the Indian Air Force. 981,207<br /><br />Peace,kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-77608347295933577162009-11-28T17:36:00.000-08:002009-11-28T17:40:10.892-08:00missile destroyer Shijiazhuang in Latin AmericaChinese naval fleet leaves Chile for Peru<br /><br />(Source: Xinhua) 2009-11-29<br /><br /> VALPARAISO, Chile, Nov. 27 (Xinhua) -- A Chinese naval flotilla Saturday concluded its good-will visit to Chile and sailed for Peru to continue its South America tour.<br /><br /> The squadron, composed of missile destroyer Shijiazhuang and supply ship Hongzehu, unmoored at around 10:00 a.m. local time and sailed from the Valparaiso military wharf to music played by the Chile navy's military band.<br /><br /> The two-vessel fleet arrived in Chile on Monday for the Chinese Navy's second visit to Chile since 1997.<br /><br /> During the four-day visit, Major General Wang Fushan, commander of the fleet, met with Chilean Defense Minister Francisco Vidal and other high-ranking military and government officials.<br /><br /><table style="table-layout: fixed;" border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="smalltext" width="100%"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-17198203736912897702009-11-24T17:51:00.000-08:002009-11-24T17:53:20.651-08:00China, N.Korea pledge to strengthen alliance<span class="BHL">by Staff Writers<br />Seoul (AFP) Nov 23, 2009<br />Chinese and North Korean defence chiefs have pledged to strengthen their military alliance -- dating back to the Korean War -- during talks in Pyongyang, state media said Monday.<br /><br />The move came after Chinese Defence Minister Liang Guanglie arrived in North Korea for talks Sunday, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) said.<br /><br />Liang told a reception by Pyongyang's defence chief Kim Yong-Chun that the bilateral relationship was "sealed in blood" when he and other Chinese troops fought the 1950-1953 Korean War on the North Koreans' side.<br /><br />"No force on earth can break the unity of the armies and peoples of the two countries and it will last forever," Liang said, according to KCNA.<br /><br />"It is the fixed stand of the Korean army and people to invariably consolidate and develop the DPRK (North Korea)-China friendship, which has stood all trials of history," Kim Yong-Chun said.<br /><br />The defence chiefs then had "comradely and friendly" talks, according to the report.<br /><br />KCNA said Liang arrived in Pyongyang by plane on Sunday, inspected an honour guard, attended a fete, presented a gift for North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il, and met with Kim Yong-Chun, but gave no more details on his itinerary.<br /><br />Chinese state media announced Friday that Liang would be on a three-nation tour of North Korea, Japan and Thailand from Sunday to December 5.<br /><br />The trip comes as Stephen Bosworth, US special representative for North Korean policy, is scheduled to visit the communist state on December 8 in order to persuade it to return to six-party nuclear disarmament talks.<br /><br />North Korea quit the talks in April, a month before it tested a second atomic weapon. Pyongyang said last month it was ready to return to the talks, but only if bilateral meetings with the US make progress.<br /><br />The six-nation talks, which began more than six years ago, group the two Koreas, the United States, China, Russia and Japan.<br /><br />China has hosted the talks since 2003.<br /><br />Though being one of North Korea's handful of remaining allies, China has joined tougher United Nations Security Council sanctions to punish Pyongyang for its defiant nuclear weapons and missile tests.<br /><br />But China has strongly opposed any moves that could escalate further tensions on the often volatile Korean peninsula.<br /><br />Rodong Sinmun, North Korea's communist party newspaper and official mouthpiece, Monday denounced the latest inter-Korean naval clash earlier this month as a US-South Korean scheme to ignite a new war.<br /><br />Navy boats from the two Koreas had a brief but intensive exchange of fire near the disputed Yellow Sea border on November 10 -- the first such skirmish in seven years.<br /><br />Seoul said its navy left a North Korean patrol boat in flames and local media reports said one North Korean sailor was killed and three wounded.<br /><br />Pyongyang has since threatened to take "merciless" military action to protect its own version of the Yellow Sea border with South Korea and warned that Seoul would pay dearly for any future naval clash.<br /><br />The North refuses to recognise the borderline set by the United Nations after the 1950-1953 war and demands that it be drawn further to the south.<br /><br /></span><span class="BTX"></span>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8396364197620299352.post-49769871767438783302009-11-24T17:18:00.000-08:002009-11-24T17:38:09.841-08:00improved J-10 5-generationAir Force department heads: "The four-generation machine" refers to the improved F-series aircraft -10<br /><br />Yu Xiao-Quan<br />2009-11-23 15:48:26 Source: Xinhua News Agency<br />【Font Size: Big Middle Small】 【Print】 【I】 I would like to correction<br />【Email Recommendation:】<br /><br /><br /><br /> Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, November 23 (Reporter Sun Maoqing) - Relevant responsible persons of the Air Force 23, said the recent media reports of "four generations of machine" refers to the improved F -10 series aircraft.<br /><br /> For the combat aircraft of the designated representatives of state, the world's major military powers are not consistent. The United States will be highlighted in the low-altitude, sub-transonic maneuverability of the F-15, F-16 fighters are divided into three generations of machines, will feature stealth, supersonic cruise and ultra-mobile performance F-22, F-35 fighter plane is divided into four generations of machines . Russia will be Mig -29, Su -27/30 divided into three generations of fighter aircraft, the Su -35 aircraft, such as an improved third-generation machine is divided into four generations of machines, will have a stealth, supersonic cruise, and a new generation of ultra-mobility fighter plane is divided into five generations.<br /><br /> The official said that China's combat aircraft primarily in the introduction, imitation on the basis of Russian-made equipment, the independent innovation and development, the media calls "four generations of machine" refers to an improved F -10 series aircraft. (End)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://chn.chinamil.com.cn/xwpdxw/2009-11/23/content_4084111.htm">http://chn.chinamil.com.cn/xwpdxw/2009-11/23/content_4084111.htm</a><br /><br />US report spying<br /><a href="http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/chinaspy20091022.pdf">http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/chinaspy20091022.pdf<br /></a>kevin J waldrouphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10503909328571062212noreply@blogger.com2